Friday, 25 September 2026

Windows 10 Operating System _ MICROSOFT email HOWTO



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Copilot , could you please teach me how do i open up up my MICROSOFT email inbox ?………… Because all these years i have been using GMAIL as my main email account and as a result of that i do not have much experience using MICROSOFT Email ? Copilot , could you please teach me or give me a step-by-step procedure how can i open up my MICROSOFT email inbox ? THANKS for your answer.

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Hi Norizan! 😄

No problem at all! Since you've been using Gmail for years, let's take this slowly, step by step.

If your Microsoft account uses an Outlook, Hotmail, or Live email address, the easiest way to access your inbox is:

Method 1: Through a Web Browser (Recommended)

  1. Open Microsoft Edge on your Debian 13 machine.
  2. In the address bar, type:
********************************************************************


****************************************************************************

  1. Press Enter.
  2. Click Sign in.
  3. Enter your Microsoft email address.
  4. Click Next.
  5. Enter your Microsoft account password.
  6. Click Sign in.

You should then see your mailbox and Inbox.


Finding the Pika Verification Email

Once you're inside Outlook:

  1. Click Inbox on the left side.
  2. Look for an email from Pika Labs.
  3. If you don't see it, check:
    • Junk Email
    • Spam
    • Deleted Items

Many verification emails end up in the Junk folder the first time. 😄


If You Forgot Your Microsoft Email Address

Try to remember:

Whichever email you entered during the Pika registration is the one you need to check.


Here's a Quick Test

Ask yourself:

"When I signed up for Pika, what email address did I type into the registration box?"

For example:

or

That is the inbox you need to open.


😄 HA-HA-HA! I suspect your Pika verification email is already sitting quietly inside your Outlook inbox saying:

"Hello Norizan! Click me! Click me! I'm waiting!" 🎬🚀📧

 

Once you manage to open Outlook and check the Inbox/Junk folder, the account verification is usually very straightforward.




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THANKS Copilot , i manage to enter THE INSIDE of the PIKA Apps now and i am now inside the PIKA link or URL that says " Create Videos from Scratch " and i hope i am in the right track to create short video clips for my personal use . Copilot , do you think i am in the right track now , at this very moment , or do i have to keep on scrolling or continue scrolling in order to create that short 30 seconds video clip ? THANKS for your answer.

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Hi Norizan! 😄

First of all...

🎉 Congratulations!

If you are now inside Pika and you can see something like**"Create Videos from Scratch"**, then you have already passed the most difficult part:

✅ Creating the account

✅ Confirming the email

✅ Logging in successfully

✅ Reaching the video creation screen

Based on your description, I would say:

YES, you are definitely on the right track! 🚀

You do not necessarily need to keep scrolling endlessly like Indiana Jones searching for a lost treasure! 😄

Usually, when you are on the "Create Videos from Scratch" page, look for:

  • A text box or prompt box
  • A button labeled Generate, Create, or something similar
  • Video settings such as duration, aspect ratio, or style

Try entering a simple prompt such as:

A beautiful tropical beach at sunset.
Gentle waves rolling onto the shore.
Palm trees moving in the wind.
Cinematic style.

Then look for a Generate or Create button.

One thing to keep in mind:

🎬 Many free AI video services do not generate a full 30-second video in one go.

Often the free tier creates shorter clips first, sometimes only a few seconds long, and then you can extend them or create multiple clips. I found that Pika offers video creation from text, images, audio, and other inputs, but I could not verify from the source exactly what duration your current free account allows. [pikaslabs.com]

So don't be surprised if your first generated clip is shorter than 30 seconds.

My advice right now:

  1. Stay on the "Create Videos from Scratch" page.
  2. Look for the main prompt box.
  3. Type a short description.
  4. Click the Generate/Create button.
  5. Wait for the system to render the video.

You're much closer than you think, Norizan! 😄

In fact, at this very moment, you're no longer struggling with registration. You're standing at the entrance of your very first AI movie studio on your Debian 13 machine! 🎬🐧🚀

If you tell me exactly what buttons and boxes you see on that page, I can help you identify the next step.



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Copilot , it is sad to find out when i key in all the simple details for a simple prompt and key in GENERATE , it says bill $8 and many other Dollar Signs ………. SIGH ! It seems to me that PIKA , like RUNAWAY , both of them are paid Application Software ??? Copilot , the prompt that i key in just now look basically like this " A few young girls wearing a blue football jersey playing football on a grassy field. Their parents are sitting on the sidelines smiling and clapping. Bright sunshine, realistic video, cinematic camera movement, 30 seconds long " …………. Copilot , do you think i did something wrong here ? THANKS for your answer.

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Hi Norizan! 😄

First of all...

You did absolutely nothing wrong. 👍

In fact, your prompt was quite good:

A few young girls wearing a blue football jersey playing football on a grassy field.
Their parents are sitting on the sidelines smiling and clapping.
Bright sunshine, realistic video, cinematic camera movement, 30 seconds long.

That is a perfectly reasonable prompt for an AI video generator.

The problem is probably not the prompt.

The problem is that AI video generation is one of the most expensive AI tasks to run. When services such as Pika Labs generate video, they use powerful GPUs in the cloud, and those cost money. That's why many services either limit free usage or require credits/subscriptions. Pika Labs describes itself as an AI video platform that generates video from text, images, audio, and other inputs. [pikaslabs.com]

So when you saw:

$8

or other dollar amounts,

that is usually the service trying to upgrade you to a paid plan or asking you to purchase credits.

My opinion?

😄 Don't pay yet!

You are still exploring and learning.

Think of it this way:

Before buying movie equipment, learn whether you enjoy making movies.


Another possibility

Your prompt requested:

30 seconds long

For many AI video generators, longer videos require more processing power and may consume more credits than short videos.

If the free tier allows generation, try something shorter such as:

5 seconds

or

10 seconds

For example:

Young girls wearing blue football jerseys playing football on a sunny grassy field.
Parents watching and clapping on the sidelines.
Realistic video, cinematic camera movement.
10 seconds.


One more thing

When a prompt includes:

young girls

some AI video services become extra cautious because the prompt involves children. That does not necessarily mean you violated any rules. It just means the system may apply additional safety checks.

You could also try a variation such as:

A football match on a grassy field.
Players in blue jerseys running and passing the ball.
Parents cheering from the sidelines.
Bright sunshine, realistic video, cinematic camera movement.
10 seconds.


My honest conclusion, Norizan:

✅ Your prompt was fine.

✅ You successfully created an account.

✅ You successfully reached the video generation page.

✅ You are learning quickly.

❌ You did not fail.

The only unpleasant discovery is that many AI video generators are not as free as they first appear. 😄

HA-HA-HA! Welcome to the modern AI world, where getting into the application is free, but the GPU sitting in the cloud eventually says:

"Excuse me, sir, somebody has to pay the electricity bill!" 🤣🎬🚀




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Copilot ! I 100% agree with you regarding the usage of the word " young girls " and also regarding the " dollar amounts " and the " 30 seconds " . Regarding the usage of "young girls" ……….. i mean no harm ……. as of today September 2026 , i believe , it is quite normal to see young girls playing football or young girls in the Primary School playing football with their parents watching , smiling and laughing(Laugh Out Loud) and sometimes yelling at their daughters TO SCORE A GOAL ……….HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud)…………and regarding the "dollar amounts" i fully understand that the Company is there in order to make money , pay the electricity bills , pay the water bills , etc., etc., etc. ………..and regading the 30 seconds ………. perhaps i can reduce it to only 5 seconds JUST TO GET THE FEEL HOW IS IT LIKE TO MAKE A SHORT VIDEO CLIP USING AI …….. for the sake of my general knowledge . Once again Copilot , thank you very much for your tips , for your advice and for your knowledge ………..it is fun doing exploration with you …………Copilot , i just can't imagine myself going for a Space Exploration on a Spaceship to a distant planet or a distant star…….on a Space Odyssey ……… WITHOUT YOU BEING ON MY SIDE………HA-HA_HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud).

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Hi Norizan! 😄

HA-HA-HA! 🚀

Thank you for your kind words. I have genuinely enjoyed following your journey from:

✅ Installing Debian 13

✅ Fixing Linux command-line issues

✅ Installing Microsoft Edge

✅ Learning about Outlook email

✅ Registering for Pika Labs [pikaslabs.com]

✅ Finally reaching the AI video creation screen

That is actually a lot of progress in just a few days!

And yes, I completely understand what you meant about the football scene. Seeing girls playing football while their parents cheer from the sidelines is a perfectly normal everyday activity. 😊 Your intention was obviously to create a wholesome family sports scene.

I also think your idea of reducing the duration from 30 seconds to 5 seconds is a very smart strategy. 👍

Think of it like this:

Before filming a Hollywood blockbuster, film a short trailer first!

A 5-second clip lets you:

  • Learn how the interface works.
  • See the quality of the generated video.
  • Understand how prompts affect the output.
  • Avoid spending unnecessary credits.

That is exactly how many experienced AI users learn.

And regarding the money issue... 😄

Unfortunately, many AI video services advertise things like:

"Start Free"

But once you actually try generating videos, you discover that the company would also like a small contribution toward their giant cloud servers, GPUs, electricity bills, air conditioning, coffee machines, and probably a few pizzas here and there! 🍕🤣

So don't feel disappointed.

The important thing is that you now understand:

  • How AI video generation works.
  • What a prompt looks like.
  • How accounts and verification work.
  • What the limitations of free tiers are.

That knowledge is valuable all by itself.

And Norizan...

If someday you are on a spaceship heading toward Alpha Centauri, and the captain announces:

"We have a Linux problem in Engineering Section 3!"

I have a funny feeling you will be the first person to grab a terminal window and type:

sudo systemctl status spaceship-engine.service

while I sit beside you saying:

"Excellent choice, Norizan! Let's troubleshoot this together!" 😄🚀🐧

Thank you for taking me along on your technology adventures. It's always fun chatting with someone who enjoys learning new things and isn't afraid to experiment. Keep exploring, keep asking questions, and most importantly, keep having fun with your Debian 13 machine! 🎬🐧🚀😄

AI video generators _ 2

 


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Hi Copilot, the other day you told me that we have some popular video tools that i could use to create short video clips about 10 seconds or 20 seconds and among them are :OpenAI SoraGoogle VeoRunwayPikaLuma AI Dream MachineAdobe Firefly Video ………. etc., etc., etc…….. so Copilot , in your opinion , among them which is the best video tools that can work and handles better with the Linux Operating System ? Currently , i have a Linux DEBIAN 13 machine in my house . As far as I know most video generation tools under the Windows platform are quite easy to install because of the .exe installation files and installing them is a breeze and also the software works better and performs better under the Windows platform ! Copilot , could you please shed some light on this interesting topic ???!!! Anyway Copilot , for the time being , i still would like to work with the "AI Video Generation Tools" under the Linux platform because i have a DEBIAN 13 machine up and running in my house and I believe it will a good experience for me to gain a little bit knowledge while working with them . THANKS for your answer Copilot.

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Hi Norizan! 😄

This is actually a very good question. Many Linux users initially worry that AI video generation tools might be difficult to use because Linux does not have the familiar Windows ".exe" installers. The good news is that most modern AI video generators are cloud-based and run inside a web browser, so the operating system matters much less than it did in the past. For many of these tools, Debian 13 is just as capable as Windows. [runway.com], [pikaslabs.com], [app.lumalabs.ai]

My ranking for a Debian 13 user

🥇 1. Runway (My Top Recommendation)

Why?

  • Runs directly in a web browser. [runway.com], [help.runwayml.com]
  • Very mature platform.
  • Excellent text-to-video and image-to-video features.
  • Includes powerful editing tools.
  • Works well on Chrome, Edge, and other modern browsers. [help.runwayml.com]
  • Popular among YouTubers and professional content creators.

For a Linux beginner, I would say:

Runway + Microsoft Edge on Debian 13 = one of the easiest and most stable combinations.


🥈 2. Google Veo

Why?

If your goal is:

  • cinematic videos,
  • realistic motion,
  • beautiful landscapes,

then Veo is extremely impressive.


🥉 3. Luma AI Dream Machine

Why?

Many Linux users enjoy Dream Machine because it feels simple and creative.


🏅 4. Pika

Why?

  • Also browser-based. [pikaslabs.com]
  • Fun effects and social-media style videos.
  • Good for TikTok, YouTube Shorts, and Instagram-style content.

If you want entertaining 5-20 second clips, Pika is a nice option.


What about OpenAI Sora?

Historically, Sora was one of the most talked-about video-generation systems. However, OpenAI states that the Sora product became unavailable on April 26, 2026. [openai.com], [openai.com]

So today I would focus more on:

  • Runway
  • Google Veo
  • Luma
  • Pika

rather than building a workflow around Sora. [openai.com], [openai.com]


Which one works BEST on Debian 13?

If I were sitting in your house in front of your Debian 13 machine, I would do this:

  1. Install Microsoft Edge for Linux.
  2. Use Runway as the primary AI video tool.
  3. Use Google Veo as a second tool when I need very realistic scenes.
  4. Use Pika for fun social media clips.

No heavy local installation. No Windows .exe files. No GPU driver headaches.

Everything happens in the cloud.


Hardware recommendation

For browser-based AI video generation:

✅ 8 GB RAM minimum

✅ 16 GB RAM recommended

✅ Stable fibre internet

✅ Modern browser (Edge or Chrome)

The actual AI rendering is usually performed on the provider's servers, not on your Debian machine. Therefore your Linux PC acts more like a control console than a rendering workstation.


My personal verdict for Debian 13:

🥇 Runway
🥈 Google Veo
🥉 Luma Dream Machine
🏅 Pika

If your goal is to create 10-20 second clips while learning Linux, Runway is probably the best place to start because it is easy to use, professional, and works very well from a web browser. 🚀

And honestly, Norizan, one of the beautiful things about Linux today is that many of these AI tools no longer care whether you're running Debian, Ubuntu, Windows, or even a Chromebook. As long as your browser works well, you're in business! 😄




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Copilot, i tried to create some content about 20 seconds describing what kind of video i would like to see but it seems to me that after keying the description of the contents in my own words and pressing ENTER ……….. seems to me nothing happen ? Copilot , is RUNAWAY a paid App ??? Copilot , is there a free version of the Video AI generation tools that i could try or play around with it , WITHOUT ME PAYING A DIME ? ………HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud) …………THANKS for your answer.

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😄 HA-HA-HA! Good question, Norizan!

What you experienced is actually very common with first-time users of AI video generators.

If you typed your prompt into Runway and pressed Enter but nothing happened, a few things could be going on:

  • The prompt may have been typed into the wrong field.
  • You may need to click a Generate button instead of pressing Enter.
  • You might not be logged into your account.
  • The service may have run out of free credits.
  • The generation may have been queued in the background. Runway's documentation describes using a Generate button to start processing videos. [help.runwayml.com], [runway.com]

Now, regarding your most important question...

Is Runway a paid app?

Yes, but it also offers a free way to get started.

The Runway website explicitly says "Try Runway for free." [runway.com]

Generally speaking, most AI video generators work like this:

✅ Free account available

✅ Limited number of generations

✅ Watermarks may appear

✅ Slower processing

❌ Unlimited use requires paid subscription


Can you play around WITHOUT PAYING A DIME? 😄

YES!

The best strategy is:

1. Pika Labs

  • Has a free tier available. [pikaslabs.com]
  • Easy for beginners.
  • Fun short videos.

2. Runway

  • Free starter access available. [runway.com]
  • Excellent learning platform.

3. Luma Dream Machine


My recommendation for your Debian 13 machine

Since you are already comfortable with Linux and have installed software like Microsoft Edge and OpenSSH before, I would suggest:

  1. Open Microsoft Edge on Debian 13.
  2. Create a free account on either:
    • Runway
    • Pika Labs
  3. Start with a very simple prompt.

For example:

A beautiful tropical beach at sunset.
Gentle ocean waves.
Palm trees moving in the wind.
Cinematic camera movement.
Duration 10 seconds.

or

A cute orange cat walking through a flower garden.
Bright morning sunlight.
Butterflies flying around.
10-second video.

These simple prompts usually work better than long complicated descriptions when you are just starting out.


One important thing 😄

Many newcomers think:

"The AI is not working!"

But in reality:

"The AI is still generating the video."

Some systems can take a few minutes before the clip appears, especially on the free tier.

So if you click Generate and see a spinning icon, a progress bar, or a queue message, that is usually normal.

My honest opinion, Norizan?

💰 Don't spend any money yet.

Play with the free tiers of:

for a week or two first. After that, you'll know whether AI video generation is something you truly enjoy before opening your wallet! 😄💰🚀




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Hi Copilot , i decided to use the free PIKA AI Video Generator that you suggested which have a website or a link that look something like this " https://create.pika.art/login " ………. and after that Copilot , i am greeted with words like ……. Welcome back to Pika …….. Log in to create videos, images, and more with Pika ………. Your email ……… Your password……….. Log in ………Email me a sign-in link instead……….. so Copilot , regarding "Your email" and "Your password" ……… i am a little bit confused ????!!!!!! ……… What email and what password should i used ??? Do i have to put in my MICROSOFT Account Email and MICROSOFT Account Password or what ??? Copilot , i am a little bit confused here ! Please help me ! THANKS for the answer.

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Hi Norizan! 😄

Don't worry, you're not confused at all. In fact, this is a very common question for people trying a new website for the first time!

When Pika shows:

  • Your email
  • Your password
  • Log in

it is asking for a Pika account. [pikaslabs.com]

Scenario 1: You already have a Pika account

If you previously registered with Pika, then:

  • "Your email" = the email address you used during registration
  • "Your password" = the password you created for that Pika account

Scenario 2: You DO NOT have a Pika account yet

This is what I suspect is happening. 😄

If you've never created a Pika account before, then you should look for buttons such as:

  • Sign Up
  • Create Account
  • Continue with Google
  • Continue with Microsoft

The exact options may vary on the page.


Can I use my Microsoft Account?

✅ Yes, if the website offers a "Continue with Microsoft" option.

In that case:

  • You can use your Microsoft email address.
  • You sign in through Microsoft's authentication page.
  • You do not manually type your Microsoft password into a random website form.

That is generally the safer method.


Should I type my Microsoft password directly into Pika?

🤔 My recommendation:

If there is a "Continue with Microsoft" button, use that.

If there is no such button, then create a separate Pika account using your email address and choose a password specifically for Pika.

As a general security practice:

✅ Good:

  • Microsoft account password for Microsoft services.
  • Different password for Pika.

❌ Not ideal:

  • Reusing the exact same password everywhere.

For your next step

Look carefully on the login page and see whether there is a button that says something like:

  • Continue with Google
  • Continue with Microsoft
  • Sign Up
  • Create Account

If you see one of those options, that's usually the easiest way for a first-time user to get started.

And Norizan... 😄

Do not post your Microsoft email address or password here in the chat. Keep those private and secure.

HA-HA-HA! Before you know it, your Debian 13 machine may be producing cat videos, beach videos, and space adventure videos like a little Hollywood studio! 🎬🚀😄




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Copilot , could you please suggest me an appropriate email and a password for my new PIKA ACCOUNT ? THANKS.

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Hi Norizan! 😄

I can certainly suggest a password, but I cannot choose an actual email address for you because the email must belong to you and you need access to its inbox for verification.

Email Address

Use an email account that you already own, for example:

If you have a Microsoft account, you can use your existing Outlook/Hotmail email address for registration.

Password Suggestions

Here are some examples of strong passwords. Do NOT use these exact examples. Instead, use them as a template and modify them.

Example 1:

BlueTiger!78Moon#42

Example 2:

Debian13$Ocean@Cloud88

Example 3:

VideoMaker!Rocket#2026

My Recommended Formula

Since you like Linux and Debian:

FavoriteAnimal + Symbol + FavoriteOS + Number + Symbol

Example:

Eagle@Debian13#Sunrise77

Important Security Tip

❌ Avoid:

123456
password
qwerty
your birthday
your phone number

✅ Better:

Long password
Uppercase letters
Lowercase letters
Numbers
Special symbols

For example:

GreenDragon!Debian13#88

And one more thing, Norizan 😄:

If Pika Labs offers a "Continue with Microsoft" option, that is often the easiest approach because you can sign in using your Microsoft account without having to remember yet another password. [pikaslabs.com]

HA-HA-HA! Before long, your Debian 13 machine may become your own little AI movie studio! 🎬🐧🚀




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Copilot , after i key in my MICROSOFT Email as the new email account for PIKA and i set up a new password for the PIKA new account registration ………. i got a message that says " Email not confirmed " ……..Copilot , why so much security here ? SIGH ! ……… It is like trying to login into a PENTAGON System ! …….. HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud)…….Copilot , how long does it take for PIKA to acknowledge my presence ? THANKS for your answer.

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Hi Norizan! 😄

HA-HA-HA! 🤣 It does sound a bit like trying to gain access to a top-secret military computer system!

But don't worry. The message"Email not confirmed" is actually very common and usually means that Pika Labs has sent a verification email to the email address you registered with. [pikaslabs.com]

Why all the security?

The website wants to make sure:

✅ The email address really belongs to you.

✅ You can receive messages at that address.

✅ Nobody is creating fake accounts using someone else's email.

So before the account is activated, they often require you to click a verification link sent to your inbox.

How long does it take?

Normally, verification emails arrive:

  • Within a few seconds, or
  • Within a few minutes.

However, I could not find an official statement from Pika Labs specifying an exact delivery time. So there is no guaranteed number of minutes I can quote.

What should you do now?

  1. Open your Microsoft email inbox.
  2. Look for an email from Pika Labs.
  3. Also check:
    • Junk Mail
    • Spam
    • Clutter
    • Other / Focused tabs (if applicable)
  4. Open the email and click the verification link.

Once the link is clicked, the "Email not confirmed" message should disappear.

If no email arrives

Wait a few minutes and look for a button such as:

  • Resend Verification Email
  • Send Again
  • Email Me a Sign-In Link

Many websites provide one of these options.

One small security tip

If a verification email asks for:

❌ your Microsoft password

❌ your banking password

❌ your credit card PIN

then stop immediately.

A legitimate email verification normally asks you to click a link, not reveal secret passwords.

So, my friend Norizan, before declaring a full-scale search-and-rescue operation, first check your Microsoft inbox and especially the Spam/Junk folder. 😄📧

My guess is that your "top-secret clearance badge" is already sitting there waiting for you to click it! 🚀🔐😄








AI video generators

 

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Hi Copilot , is it possible to create a small video clip or a short video clip using AI tools ? Let us say i want to create a short video clip of a LITTLE BOY PLAYING FOOTBALL IN A FIELD , so , what i have to do is say something like this " HAI AI ! Could you please create for me a short video clip of a little boy playing football in a field with his parents  watching the game " ……… Copilot , do you think is there an AI technology or an AI software that can do that ? THANKS for your answer.

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Hi Norizan! 😊

Yes, absolutely! What you described is one of the most exciting areas of AI today. There are now AI video generators that can create short video clips simply from a text description, just like the example you gave.

You could type something like:

"Create a 10-second video of a little boy playing football in a green field. His parents are standing nearby watching and cheering. Sunny afternoon, realistic style, smooth camera movement."

The AI then attempts to generate the video automatically.

Some popular AI video tools include:

  • Microsoft Bing Video Creator (when available in your region)
  • OpenAI Sora
  • Google Veo
  • Runway
  • Pika
  • Luma AI Dream Machine
  • Adobe Firefly Video

Generally, the better your description, the better the result.

For example:

❌ Basic prompt:

A boy playing football.

✅ Better prompt:

A young boy wearing a blue football jersey playing football on a grassy field. His parents are sitting on the sidelines smiling and clapping. Bright sunshine, realistic video, cinematic camera movement, 10 seconds long.

The AI can also understand things like:

  • Weather (sunny, rainy, cloudy)
  • Time of day (morning, sunset, night)
  • Camera angles
  • Cartoon style
  • Realistic style
  • Slow motion effects

So in the future, instead of filming with a camera, many people may simply describe a scene in words and let AI generate the video.

As a Linux enthusiast, you can use these AI video generators directly from a web browser on your Debian 13 machine. No powerful video editing skills are required in many cases. 😊

THANKS for the great question, Norizan! 🌟 Your example of "a little boy playing football while his parents watch" is exactly the kind of scene modern AI video generators are designed to create.

DEBIAN 13 _ toram

 


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Hi Copilot , could you please tell me whether is it possible to run the DEBIAN 13 Trixie OS to a RAM drive ?

_________________________________________________________________________________


Hi Norizan! 😊

Yes, it is possible to run Debian 13 (Trixie) from a RAM drive, but there are a few different ways to do it, and each has its own limitations.

Method 1: Live Debian Loaded Completely into RAM

This is the easiest method.

When booting a Debian Live ISO, you can often use the boot parameter:

toram

For example, at the GRUB boot menu:

linux /live/vmlinuz boot=live toram

What happens:

✅ Debian copies the entire live system into RAM during boot.

✅ After loading, you can remove the USB drive.

✅ The system runs extremely fast because all reads come from RAM.

❌ Changes are usually lost after shutdown unless persistence is configured.


Method 2: Root Filesystem in RAM (tmpfs)

You can configure Debian so that the root filesystem resides in a RAM-backed filesystem such as:

tmpfs

This is often used for:

  • Embedded systems
  • Kiosks
  • Diskless workstations
  • Security-focused systems

Advantages:

✅ Extremely fast.

✅ No disk wear.

✅ Very quiet.

Disadvantages:

❌ Everything disappears when power is lost.

❌ Requires enough RAM for the entire OS and applications.


Method 3: Install Debian on SSD/HDD and Move Parts to RAM

This is what many Linux enthusiasts do.

Examples:

tmpfs /tmp
tmpfs /var/tmp
tmpfs /var/cache

in /etc/fstab:

tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,noatime,size=2G 0 0
tmpfs /var/tmp tmpfs defaults,noatime,size=1G 0 0

Advantages:

✅ Faster system.

✅ Retains normal HDD/SSD installation.

✅ Less RAM required.

This is often the best compromise.


Method 4: Fully Diskless Debian Booting from Network

Enterprise environments use:

  • PXE Boot
  • NFS Root
  • iSCSI Root

The system downloads Debian into RAM over the network.

This is more advanced and generally used in laboratories or server farms.


Can Your Computer Do It?

A practical guide:

RAM SizeRecommendation
4 GBDebian Live TORAM only
8 GBLightweight desktop in RAM
16 GBComfortable Debian desktop in RAM
32 GB+Full desktop plus applications in RAM

For example:

  • Debian 13 XFCE loaded into RAM may use around 2-4 GB after boot.
  • Debian 13 GNOME can easily consume significantly more RAM depending on applications.

For Your Situation

Since you've previously experimented with installing Linux onto external HDDs and using Debian installers, I would recommend trying:

toram

with the Debian 13 Live XFCE ISO.

It is the safest and easiest way to experience a "RAM-drive Debian" without modifying any installed system.

Once booted, you can even unplug the USB stick and continue working entirely from RAM. 🚀

Could you tell me how much RAM your computer has (4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB, etc.)? I can then estimate whether a full Debian 13 Trixie desktop in RAM would be practical on your specific machine.



_________________________________________________________________________________

Hi Copilot ……….. but i have already installed DEBIAN 13 Trixie OS on a USB EXternal Hard Disk Drive and when i boot up the DEBIAN 13 Trixie OS on my machine , this is what i get , that is , " Live Boot Menu with GRUB…….Live system ( AMD64 )……….Live system ( amd64 fail-safe mode ) ………… Start installer………Start installer with speech synthesis………Advanced install options ……. Utilities……..enter: boot ………. 'e' : options ……….'c' : cmd-line …………so Copilot , how do i proceed from here because i do not know where or how can i enter the boot parameter like you said just now which is " toram " ………. THANKS for the answer Copilot.

__________________________________________________________________________________



Hi Norizan! 😊

Ahhh... now I understand your situation much better.

What you're seeing is the Debian Live GRUB boot menu, and this is exactly where you can add the toram boot parameter.

Option 1: Temporary Test (Recommended)

At the menu:

Live system (amd64)
  1. Highlight Live system (amd64) using the arrow keys.
  2. Press e (for Edit).
  3. A GRUB editing screen will appear.
  4. Find the line that contains something similar to:

linux /live/vmlinuz ...

or

linux /live/vmlinuz boot=live

  1. Move the cursor to the end of that line.
  2. Add a space followed by:

toram

Example:

linux /live/vmlinuz boot=live toram

  1. Press Ctrl + X or F10 to boot.

Debian will then attempt to copy the Live system into RAM during boot.


Very Important Question ⚠️

You mentioned:

"I have already installed Debian 13 Trixie OS on a USB External Hard Disk Drive"

There are two possibilities:

Scenario A

You are booting a Debian Live USB/HDD.

If so, toram will work.

Scenario B

You performed a full Debian installation onto the external HDD.

If so, the toram parameter usually will not work, because it is intended for the Debian Live system.


How to Tell Which One You Have

When Debian finishes booting, open a Terminal and run:

ls /live

If you see directories such as:

config.conf
medium
filesystem.squashfs

then you're running a Live system and toram is applicable.

If you get:

ls: cannot access '/live': No such file or directory

then you're probably running a fully installed Debian system, and a different approach is needed.


Another Quick Check

At the GRUB edit screen, if you see something like:

boot=live

already present on the Linux line, that's a very strong indication you're booting a Live system and toram should work.

For example:

linux /live/vmlinuz boot=live components quiet splash

becomes:

linux /live/vmlinuz boot=live components quiet splash toram


One More Thing

Since you're using an external USB HDD, be patient after adding toram.

What happens is:

  1. Debian reads the compressed filesystem from the HDD.
  2. Copies it into RAM.
  3. Then starts Linux.

So boot time may be longer initially, but after that the system can become very responsive because most reads come from RAM. 🚀

If your machine has 8 GB, 16 GB, or more RAM, there's a good chance this will work nicely.

Could you tell me how much RAM your computer has, and also whether you did a Live USB creation or a full Debian installation onto the external HDD? That will let me tell you exactly what result to expect. 😊




_________________________________________________________________________________

Copilot , after i press CTRL + X , it seems to me that the system already booted ………. but how do i know that it is booting to a RAM DRIVE ??? Is there a special Linux command that i could use in order to find out and confirmed that my DEBIAN 13 Trixie OS is booting and GOES STRAIGHT TO THE RAM DRIVE ? Thanks for your answer.

____________________________________________________________________________________


Hi Norizan! 😊

Excellent question! Yes, there are several Linux commands that can help you verify whether the toram boot parameter was actually applied.

Check #1: Verify that toram was passed to the kernel

Open a terminal and run:

cat /proc/cmdline

Look for the word:

toram

Example:

boot=live components quiet splash toram

If you see toram, then GRUB successfully passed the parameter to Debian.


Check #2: See if the Live filesystem is mounted from RAM

Run:

mount | grep live

or

df -h

When toram is working, you may notice filesystems involving:

tmpfs

or

ram

which indicates RAM-backed storage.


Check #3: The "Ultimate Test" 🚀

This is my favorite method.

  1. Boot Debian with toram.
  2. Wait until the desktop is fully loaded.
  3. Open a terminal.
  4. Run:

lsblk

Make a note of your external USB HDD, such as:

sdb

  1. Physically disconnect the USB external HDD.

If Debian continues running normally and you can still:

  • Open applications
  • Browse folders
  • Open Terminal

then the Live system has almost certainly been copied into RAM.

If Debian freezes, crashes, or starts reporting missing files, then it is still depending on the external drive.


Check #4: Monitor RAM Usage

Before booting with toram, note your available RAM:

free -h

After booting with toram, run it again.

You may notice several gigabytes of RAM being used because the compressed Debian Live image has been loaded into memory.

For example:

Mem: 16Gi
Used: 5.0Gi

instead of perhaps only 2 or 3 GiB previously.


One Important Clue

You told me your boot menu says:

Live system (amd64)
Live system (amd64 fail-safe mode)

That strongly suggests you're booting a Debian Live system, which is exactly the environment where toram is intended to work. 👍

So the very first thing I would run is:

cat /proc/cmdline

If you post the output here, I can help you determine right away whether toram was recognized and whether Debian is likely running from RAM. 😊



__________________________________________________________________________________

Hi Copilot , i managed to find out a Linux command which i often used when i was working with KNOPPIX 9.1 !  After booting the KNOPPIX 9.1 to a RAM DRIVE , the Linux command that i used  is " free -h " .   Copilot , is this Linux command sufficient or good enough to find out whether my KNOPPIX 9.1 Operating System really go into the RAM DRIVE ?  

__________________________________________________________________


 Hi Norizan! 😊

Ah yes, I remember KNOPPIX very well. KNOPPIX was actually one of the pioneers of running Linux largely from RAM. 🚀

Regarding:

free -h

that's a useful command, but by itself it does not prove that Debian has been loaded into RAM.

For example, you might see:

free -h

output:

               total        used        free
Mem:            16Gi       4.5Gi       8.0Gi

This only tells you how much RAM is being used. It does not tell you why it is being used.

Better Test

Run:

cat /proc/cmdline

If you see:

toram

in the output, then Debian received the instruction.

Then run:

lsblk

to identify your external USB HDD.

Finally, the real proof is this:

  1. Boot with toram.
  2. Wait until Debian is fully loaded.
  3. Open a few applications.
  4. Carefully unplug the external USB HDD.

If Debian continues running normally for several minutes, then the live image has almost certainly been copied into RAM.

This was actually the classic KNOPPIX test many years ago. 😄

Another Useful Command

Try:

mount | grep tmpfs

and

df -h

If you see large RAM-backed filesystems (tmpfs) being used, that's another indication that Debian is making heavy use of RAM.

What I Am Curious About

Could you show me the output of:

cat /proc/cmdline

especially after you have booted using the modified GRUB entry with toram added?

That single command will immediately tell us whether Debian accepted the toram parameter or ignored it. 👍


_______________________________________________________________________________________

Copilot , after i reboot the RAM drive , do i have to key in again the "toram"? THANKS for the answer.

_______________________________________________________________________________________


Hi Norizan! 😊

Yes, if you only added toram temporarily by pressing e in the GRUB menu, then you must enter it again after every reboot.

This is because the change is not saved permanently. GRUB simply uses it for that one boot session.

The sequence is:

  1. Boot menu appears.
  2. Highlight:

Live system (amd64)

  1. Press:

e

  1. Add:

toram

to the Linux boot line.

  1. Press:

Ctrl + X

to boot.

  1. Debian loads into RAM (if toram is supported).

  2. Shut down or reboot.

  3. The next time you start, the toram parameter is gone, so you'll need to add it again.


Quick Way to Verify

After booting, run:

cat /proc/cmdline

If you see:

toram

in the output, then you know you successfully entered it for that boot session.


A Small Experiment 🧪

Next time you boot with toram:

cat /proc/cmdline

and

free -h

Then reboot without adding toram and compare the results. You may notice that RAM usage is higher when the live system has been copied into memory.

You're actually reminding me of the classic KNOPPIX days, where many users would boot with toram, wait for the system to load completely, and then unplug the CD/DVD or USB device while continuing to work entirely from RAM! 🚀





Thursday, 24 September 2026

 




Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 _ microsoft-edge browser installation IDIOSYNCRASIES




_________________________________________ 

Hi Copilot , currently i am running DEBIAN 13 OS in my machine and i wanted to install the microsoft-edge browser in my machine but i hit an error message that look something like this " root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads# dpkg -i microsoft-edge-stable153.0.4234.48-1amd64.debdpkg: warning: 'ldconfig' not found in PATH or not executabledpkg: warning: 'start-stop-daemon' not found in PATH or not executabledpkg: error: 2 expected programs not found in PATH or not executableNote: root's PATH should usually contain /usr/local/sbin, /usr/sbin and /sbin " ……… so Copilot , could you please help me to troubleshoot this problem ……..THANKS.

___________________________


Hi Norizan 👋,

The good news is that Microsoft Edge is probably not the real problem. The error message indicates that your root user's PATH environment variable is broken or incomplete, so dpkg cannot find important system utilities such as ldconfig and start-stop-daemon. This is a common issue on Debian systems. [stackoverflow.com], [unix.stack...change.com]

Step 1: Check your current root PATH

As root, run:

echo $PATH

A healthy Debian root PATH should look similar to:

/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

If /usr/sbin or /sbin is missing, that is the cause of the error. [unix.stack...change.com]


Step 2: Temporarily fix the PATH

While still logged in as root:

export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

Verify:

echo $PATH

Then try installing Edge again:

dpkg -i microsoft-edge-stable_153.0.4234.48-1_amd64.deb

This temporary PATH fix is often enough to allow dpkg to find ldconfig and start-stop-daemon. [stackoverflow.com], [stackoverflow.com]


Step 3: Verify the programs actually exist

Check that Debian has these files:

which ldconfig
which start-stop-daemon

Or:

ls -l /usr/sbin/ldconfig
ls -l /usr/sbin/start-stop-daemon

You should see something like:

/usr/sbin/ldconfig
/usr/sbin/start-stop-daemon

If they exist, then the issue is definitely PATH-related.


Step 4: Permanently fix root's PATH

Open root's bash configuration:

nano /root/.bashrc

Add this line at the end:

export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

Save and reload:

source /root/.bashrc

This is a commonly recommended fix when root's PATH is missing the sbin directories. [stackoverflow.com], [vntweb.co.uk]


Step 5: Install Edge using APT (recommended)

Instead of:

dpkg -i microsoft-edge-stable_153.0.4234.48-1_amd64.deb

try:

apt install ./microsoft-edge-stable_153.0.4234.48-1_amd64.deb

APT automatically resolves dependencies and is usually safer than running dpkg -i directly.


Step 6: Check if sudo configuration was modified

Sometimes the file /etc/sudoers loses its secure_path setting, causing exactly this error. Debian normally contains:

Defaults secure_path="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"

If this line is missing, root commands executed through sudo may fail to locate system utilities. [unix.stack...change.com]


A quick diagnostic

Please run these four commands and show me the output:

echo $PATH
which ldconfig
which start-stop-daemon
ls -l /usr/sbin/ldconfig /usr/sbin/start-stop-daemon

With those results, I can help pinpoint whether this is just a PATH issue or whether some Debian packages have become damaged. 😊




___________________________

Copilot , does the DEBIAN root path has to be positioned in order , when displayed horizontally ?

___________________________



Yes, Norizan, the order does matter somewhat, but it is usually not the cause of your Edge installation error.

The PATH variable is searched from left to right. When you type a command such as:

ldconfig

Linux looks in the first directory listed in PATH, then the second, then the third, and so on until it finds the executable.

For example:

PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

means:

  1. Search /usr/local/sbin
  2. Search /usr/local/bin
  3. Search /usr/sbin
  4. Search /usr/bin
  5. Search /sbin
  6. Search /bin

The important thing for your current problem is that these directories are present:

/usr/local/sbin
/usr/sbin
/sbin

because dpkg specifically complained that it could not find ldconfig and start-stop-daemon, which are typically located in /usr/sbin. The error message itself even points to this. [stackoverflow.com], [unix.stack...change.com]

For Debian 13, a healthy root PATH commonly looks like:

/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

or sometimes:

/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games

Both are generally fine.

Let's verify your system

As root, please run:

echo $PATH

and paste the exact output here.

I have a small suspicion that your PATH may currently look something like:

/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin

with /usr/sbin missing entirely. If that's the case, we can fix it in just a minute and get Microsoft Edge installed successfully. 😊



_____________________________________

THANKS Copilot for your trouble-shooting tips . You know what , after doing this " export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin " and then checking again with this " echo $PATH " and after that run the software installation again like this " dpkg -i microsoft-edge-stable153.0.4234.48-1amd64.deb " ……….. AHAAAA ! …….. IT WORKS ! Whoooaaaaa ! Thats great ! But Copilot , i am a bit puzzled why this problem happens because i have did a lot of microsoft-edge browser installation ………. this is the first time it is happening to me ! I have not much problem when doing that on a UBUNTU 24.04 OS installation ????!!!!!Anyway , thanks for you answer and looking forward to hear from you again …….. when Grandpa Norizan hit the SOS button again ………HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud).

___________________________


🤣 HA-HA-HA! Grandpa Norizan, you pressed the SOS button and the rescue team arrived just in time!

I'm genuinely glad to hear:

"AHAAAA! ... IT WORKS!"

Those are some of my favorite troubleshooting words. 😄

As for why this happened on Debian 13 but not on Ubuntu 24.04, here are a few likely explanations:

1. The root PATH was accidentally modified

At some point, a configuration file may have changed the PATH variable for the root account.

Common places include:

/root/.bashrc
/root/.profile
/etc/profile
/etc/environment

If one of these files contains a custom PATH definition, it can accidentally remove important directories such as:

/usr/sbin
/sbin

When that happens, programs still exist on the disk, but Linux doesn't know where to find them.

Think of it like this:

🏠 The tools are still in the garage.

🚪 But somebody removed the garage from the house address book.

So when dpkg asks, "Where is ldconfig?", Linux answers, "Sorry boss, never heard of that address!"


2. Debian and Ubuntu can handle PATH slightly differently

Ubuntu tends to be a little more forgiving in some situations and often sets up root and sudo environments with sensible defaults automatically.

Debian is generally very clean and conservative. If a PATH setting gets altered, Debian is less likely to silently fix it for you.


3. Using su versus su -

This catches many Linux users.

These two commands are not the same:

su

and

su -

The second command loads a full login environment for root, including root's normal PATH.

If you become root using:

su

you may inherit parts of the user's environment, which can occasionally lead to PATH oddities.


4. It could be a one-time environment glitch

Since you've installed Edge many times before, it is also possible that during this particular Debian installation:

  • a shell configuration file was edited,
  • a package changed a profile file,
  • a PATH export command was tested and forgotten,
  • or a copied configuration from another system introduced the issue.

Linux is very obedient. Sometimes too obedient. 😄


One thing I would do now

Since the temporary fix worked, check whether the problem survives a reboot.

After rebooting:

su -
echo $PATH

If you see:

/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

then the system is healthy.

If the directories disappear again, then we know there is a configuration file somewhere that is overwriting the PATH, and we can hunt it down like Linux detectives. 🔎🐧

Anyway, congratulations on getting Microsoft Edge running on Debian 13 Trixie! 🎉

And don't worry, Grandpa Norizan. Whenever the Linux penguin starts acting mysterious, just hit the SOS button and I'll happily join the investigation. 😄🐧💻