Thursday, 15 October 2026

Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 _ USB External Hard Disk Drive _ Installation of Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 on a USB External Hard Disk Drive HOWTO

 


Installation of  Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 on a  USB  External Hard Disk Drive is very tricky :


  •   Select the correct  .iso   installation file from the DEBIAN website, make sure the  .iso has a letter    " DVD " ,  if i select the  wrong  .iso  file ,  and  burn it into a  flash drive or a  thumb drive , and if i use that flash drive or thumb drive to install onto a   USB External Hard Disk Drive , it won't work and it will not install.  Even when the USB External Hard Disk Drive is recognized by the DEBIAN 13  OS !  Please note this !


  •   This is trial and error !  I cannot connect the  USB  Hard Disk Drive  TO ANY  USB PORT  of the  Motherboard  in order for the DEBIAN 13  OS  installation to be successful.  I  have to choose the  correct  USB port on the  Motherboard in order for it to work .   NOT ANY USB PORT WILL WORK !  Have to try several USB  ports !

Grandpa NORIZAN BIN HASSAN in a Nutshell

WHOOOAAAA Copilot ! I would like to say to you THANK YOU VERY MUCH for all your help just now regarding all the issues that really bogged me down . Most of my questions are answered , and once again THANK YOU VERY MUCH . I will keep in touch with you again when Grandpa Norizan issue another trouble-ticket.........HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud)........BYE !



WHOOOOOOAAA Grandpa Norizan !!! 😄🎉

You are most welcome!

I must say, over the past few days you've been doing all sorts of things:

✅ Debian 13
✅ Zorin OS 18
✅ Ventoy
✅ HardInfo
✅ Windows 10 troubleshooting
✅ Touchscreen troubleshooting
✅ USB drives and partitions
✅ PowerShell commands
✅ Disk Management

HA-HA-HA! At this rate, Grandpa Norizan is slowly transforming into a Linux System Administrator, a Windows System Administrator, and a Data Centre Engineer all at the same time! 🚀💻

I am very happy to hear that most of your questions have been answered and that the machine is behaving better now.

Whenever a new "Grandpa Norizan Trouble Ticket" appears, whether it is:

  • Windows 10
  • Debian 13
  • Zorin OS 18
  • Android smartphones
  • Ventoy
  • OneDrive
  • Blogger
  • Linux commands
  • Hardware troubleshooting

just give me a shout and we'll tackle it together step-by-step. 😄

Until then:

Ticket Status : RESOLVED ✅
System Status : OPERATIONAL ✅
Grandpa Norizan : HAPPY ✅
Copilot : STANDING BY ✅

Take care, Grandpa Norizan, have a wonderful day, and THANK YOU for the cheerful conversations!

BYE FOR NOW! 👋😄🚀💾

Your friendly Copilot technician, standing by for the next trouble-ticket... HA-HA-HA! 😊

Wednesday, 14 October 2026

Windows 10 Operating System _ Reboot Windows 10 machine when you are in the Windows 10 Power Shell Command Prompt HOW-TO

Copilot , since i am in the Power Shell Command Prompt of the Windows 10 Operating System , could you please teach me how can i reboot my Windows 10 machine using the Power Shell Command Prompt of the Windows 10 Operating System ? THANKS for your answer.



Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

WHOOOOAAA! Since you are already inside the PowerShell Command Prompt, rebooting the machine is very easy.

Method 1: Reboot Immediately

Type:

Restart-Computer

and press Enter.

Windows will restart immediately.


Method 2: Reboot Forcefully

If some programs refuse to close:

Restart-Computer -Force

This forces Windows to close running applications and reboot.


Method 3: Use the Traditional Windows Shutdown Command

You can also type:

shutdown /r /t 0

where:

  • /r = restart
  • /t 0 = restart immediately (0-second delay)

Method 4: Restart After 60 Seconds

For example:

shutdown /r /t 60
``

This will reboot the machine after 60 seconds.


Cancel a Scheduled Restart

If you schedule a restart and change your mind:

shutdown /a

The /a means "abort".


Check Whether PowerShell Is Running as Administrator

Type:

whoami

and then:

net session

If you receive:

Access is denied.
``

then PowerShell is not running with Administrator privileges.

If there is no error, then you are probably running as Administrator.


For your Disk Management problem, I would actually reboot first and then try opening Disk Management again using:

diskmgmt.msc

If the "Local Disk Manager" error still appears after the reboot, tell me the exact PowerShell prompt you see (for example, PS C:\Users\Norizan>), and we'll investigate whether the Norizan account already has Administrator privileges. 🚀💻

Windows 10 Operating System _ Give STANDARD USER or LOCAL ACCOUNT USER ..........Administrator Privileges

Hi Copilot , i have a Windows 10 Operating System currently installed inside my INTEL-based machine ...........Copilot , is there a Windows System Utility that i could use in order to format a USB Hard Disk Drive which is connected to the USB port of my Windows 10 machine ? Copilot , i would be very grateful if you could find one for me so that i can format the USB Hard Disk Drive in order to make it useful . THANKS for your answer.


Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

YES! Windows 10 already comes with a built-in utility called Disk Management, and it is excellent for formatting a USB Hard Disk Drive. Microsoft states that Disk Management can initialize drives, create partitions, and format volumes. [support.mi...rosoft.com]

Method 1: Use Windows Disk Management (Recommended)

Step 1 Connect your USB Hard Disk Drive to your Windows 10 machine.

Step 2 Press Windows Key + X

Step 3 Click Disk Management. Microsoft lists this as one of the standard ways to open Disk Management. [support.mi...rosoft.com]

Step 4 Find your USB Hard Disk Drive in the lower part of the Disk Management window.

⚠️ Be very careful to identify the correct drive by its capacity (500GB, 1TB, 2TB, etc.) so that you do not accidentally format the wrong disk.

Step 5 If the drive already contains a partition:

  • Right-click the partition.
  • Click Format.
  • Choose:
    • NTFS (best if you only use Windows)
    • exFAT (best if you also use Linux, macOS, Smart TVs, etc.)
  • Type a Volume Label such as:
    • DATA
    • BACKUP
    • NORIZAN_USB
  • Click OK. [windowscentral.com], [support.mi...rosoft.com]

If the USB Hard Disk Shows "Unallocated"

Sometimes a disk is completely blank.

In Disk Management:

  1. Right-click the Unallocated space.
  2. Select New Simple Volume.
  3. Click Next several times.
  4. Assign a drive letter.
  5. Select NTFS or exFAT.
  6. Click Finish. Microsoft documents these steps for creating and formatting a new volume. [support.mi...rosoft.com]

Method 2: The Easy Way

If the USB Hard Disk already appears in This PC:

  1. Open File Explorer
  2. Go to This PC
  3. Right-click the USB Hard Disk
  4. Select Format
  5. Choose:
    • NTFS or exFAT
  6. Click Start

This is the quickest method for most people. [tenforums.com], [wikihow.com]


My Recommendation

For your situation, Grandpa Norizan:

✅ Use Disk Management if the USB Hard Disk is new, has problems, or does not appear correctly in File Explorer.

✅ Use File Explorer → Format if the drive already appears normally and you simply want to erase and reuse it.

For a large USB Hard Disk Drive (1TB, 2TB, 4TB, etc.), I would normally choose:

  • File System: exFAT
  • Quick Format: ✓ Checked

This provides excellent compatibility with Windows, Linux (including your Debian 13 and Zorin OS machines), and many other devices.

WHOOOOOAA! 😄 After formatting, your USB Hard Disk should become a clean, usable storage drive ready for backups, ISO files, Ventoy images, Linux distributions, and all your future adventures! 🚀💾

Copilot , when i access DISK MANAGEMENT , the system says .........You do not have access rights to Local Disk Manager.........Copilot , how do i overcome this problem? THANKS for your answer.


Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

Ahhhh... that message is actually giving us a clue!

If Windows says:

"You do not have access rights to Local Disk Manager"

then the most common cause is that your Windows account is not running with Administrator privileges.

Let's try a few things.

Method 1: Open Disk Management as Administrator

  1. Press Windows Key
  2. Type:

diskmgmt.msc

  1. Do not press Enter yet.
  2. Right-click diskmgmt.msc
  3. Select Run as administrator

If Windows asks:

"Do you want to allow this app to make changes to your device?"

Click Yes.


Method 2: Check Whether You Are an Administrator

  1. Press:

Windows Key + R

  1. Type:

netplwiz

  1. Press Enter

  2. Look at the account you are using.

Does it say:

  • Administrator ✅
  • Standard User ❌

If it says Standard User, then that explains why Disk Management is refusing access.


Method 3: Use Computer Management

  1. Press:

Windows Key + X

  1. Select:

Computer Management

  1. If Windows asks for permission, click Yes.

  2. On the left panel:

Storage
 └── Disk Management

Click Disk Management.


Method 4: Make Sure the Virtual Disk Service Is Running

  1. Press:

Windows Key + R

  1. Type:

services.msc

  1. Press Enter

  2. Locate:

Virtual Disk

  1. Double-click it.

  2. If the service is stopped:

  • Click Start
  • Set Startup Type to Manual or Automatic

Microsoft's disk management tools rely on the Virtual Disk service. [support.mi...rosoft.com]


Method 5: Format the USB Drive Without Disk Management

If your USB Hard Drive already appears in This PC:

  1. Open File Explorer
  2. Click This PC
  3. Right-click the USB drive
  4. Choose Format
  5. Select:
    • NTFS or
    • exFAT
  6. Click Start [tenforums.com], [wikihow.com]

This method often works even when Disk Management is giving problems.


One More Thing, Grandpa Norizan 😊

Could you tell me:

Are you the only person using this Windows 10 machine, and what is the exact Windows username shown when you log in?

Also, if possible, type the exact error message character-for-character, because there are a few very similar "Local Disk Manager" errors and the exact wording will help pinpoint the cause. 🚀

Copilot , since I am a Windows 10 user by the name of Norizan.......is it possible to give Administrator Privileges to the name Norizan so that Norizan can have the capabilities of a System Administrator in order to do housekeeping and troubleshoot his machine when there is a technical problem with the machine belonging to Norizan ...........Copilot , do you think you could teach me how to do that ? THANKS for your answer.


Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

YES, absolutely! If the account Norizan is currently a standard user, it can be added to the Administrators group, which will give it System Administrator privileges on that Windows 10 machine.

However, there is one important condition:

✅ You must already know the password of an existing Administrator account on that machine.

If there is no Administrator account available, the process is different.

Method 1: Check if "Norizan" is Already an Administrator

  1. Press Windows Key + R
  2. Type:

netplwiz

  1. Press Enter
  2. Click the account Norizan
  3. Click Properties
  4. Click the Group Membership tab

If you see:

Administrator
``

then Norizan already has Administrator rights.

If you see:

Standard User

then Norizan does not have Administrator rights.


Method 2: Promote Norizan to Administrator

If you can log into another Administrator account:

  1. Press Windows Key + R
  2. Type:

control userpasswords2

  1. Press Enter
  2. Select Norizan
  3. Click Properties
  4. Click Group Membership
  5. Select:

Administrator

  1. Click Apply
  2. Click OK
  3. Restart Windows

After rebooting, Norizan should have Administrator privileges.


Method 3: Using Command Prompt (Administrator)

If you can open an Administrator Command Prompt:

net localgroup Administrators Norizan /add

You should receive:

The command completed successfully.

Then restart Windows.


Let's First Determine Your Situation

Please press:

Windows Key + R

Type:

netplwiz

and tell me:

  1. Do you see only Norizan listed?

  2. Or do you also see another account such as:

    • Administrator
    • Admin
    • Microsoft Account
    • Family member account
  3. Is Norizan shown as:

    • Administrator
    • Standard User

That information will tell us exactly why Disk Management is saying:

"You do not have access rights to Local Disk Manager"

and we can get your Windows 10 machine behaving like a proper System Administrator workstation again! 🚀💻


Tuesday, 13 October 2026

Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 _ MEMORY used is only 7440 after a fresh install of Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 to a RAM on a INTEL-based machine which have 16GB of MAIN MEMORY

 


root@debian:/home/user/Downloads# 

root@debian:/home/user/Downloads# 

root@debian:/home/user/Downloads# 

root@debian:/home/user/Downloads# free -m

               total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:           15916        7440        6120        5350        8032        8475

Swap:              0           0           0

root@debian:/home/user/Downloads# 

root@debian:/home/user/Downloads# 

root@debian:/home/user/Downloads# 

root@debian:/home/user/Downloads# 


Windows 10 Operating System _ Shutdown Windows 10 completely using Windows Command Prompt

A good shutdown command is: shutdown /s /t 0 from a Windows Command Prompt running as Administrator. This forces a genuine shutdown.

Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 _ Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 machine EATING UP MAIN MEMORY

Copilot , I have a question ! Currently i am running a Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 to RAM , meaning , i am running a Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 without a physical hard disk on my INTEL-based machine . Copilot , at present as of today 13th. October 2026 , i am quite happy with the performance of my INTEL-based  DEBIAN 13  machine. Imagine ! Running a full blown Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 without a physical hard disk drive . I guess this is quite an achievement for Grandpa Norizan who only have basic computer skills ........HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud)........and thank you very much Copilot for teaching me how to boot my DEBIAN 13 machine to RAM...........Copilot , my question is , when i run the Linux command..........free -m ........MEMORY USED IS 13508 .......... it seems to me that the DEBIAN 13 machine is eating up my RAM gradually ???!!!..........The reason i say this is because when i first install my DEBIAN 13 machine to RAM for the first time..........and when i run the Linux command.......free -m.........MEMORY USED NEVER EXCEEDED 10000 .......... Copilot , what is the reason for this gradual increase of memory usage on my DEBIAN 13 machine , which is still running on RAM until today 13th. October 2026 . Copilot , for your information , my DEBIAN 13 machine have 32 GB of MAIN MEMORY............Copilot , by any chances is there anyway i can flush out all the memory hogs that is happening to my DEBIAN 13 machine by using a few Linux commands ? For your information , my Linux DEBIAN 13 machine has been running TORAM for 2 weeks now , without shutting down the machine and currently i am opening up 15 TABS using Microsoft Edge Browser for Linux on my DEBIAN 13 machine . Copilot , is there anyway i can flush out all the memory hogs that is happening to my DEBIAN 13 machine by using a few Linux commands ? THANKS for your answer.



Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

WHOOOOAAA! First of all, congratulations! 🎉

Running DEBIAN 13 entirely from RAM (toram) for two weeks continuously is actually quite impressive. Many Linux users never even try this. So Grandpa Norizan should definitely be proud of himself! HA-HA-HA! 😄

Now regarding your question about memory usage increasing from around 10 GB to 13.5 GB.

The good news

From what you describe, this does not necessarily mean there is a problem.

Linux is very clever with RAM. The operating system follows a simple philosophy:

"Unused RAM is wasted RAM."

As a result, Linux will gradually use more memory for:

  • Disk cache
  • File cache
  • Application cache
  • Browser cache
  • Fonts
  • Shared libraries
  • Background services

especially when a machine has a lot of RAM like your 32 GB system.


Step 1: Check the complete memory picture

Instead of only looking at:

free -m

Try:

free -h

Look at this line:

available

If "available" memory is still large, then there is usually no reason to worry.

For example:

Total:      32G
Used:       13G
Free:        4G
Buff/Cache: 14G
Available:  18G

This means Linux can still immediately provide 18 GB to programs if needed.


Step 2: Your Edge Browser is probably the biggest RAM user

You mentioned:

15 Microsoft Edge tabs open

Modern browsers are famous RAM eaters! 😄

To see the biggest memory consumers:

top

or install:

sudo apt install htop

then run:

htop

Press:

M

to sort by memory usage.

You will probably see several Microsoft Edge processes near the top.


Step 3: Find the memory hogs

Try:

ps aux --sort=-%mem | head -20

This shows the top 20 RAM consumers.


Step 4: Flush Linux file cache

After running continuously for two weeks, Linux may have accumulated a large amount of cache.

First become root:

su -

Then:

sync

followed by:

echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

This tells Linux to clear:

  • Page cache
  • Dentries
  • Inodes

It is safe to do.

You may immediately notice memory usage decrease.


Step 5: Check whether swap is being used

Run:

free -h

and:

swapon --show

If swap is being used heavily, that can affect performance.


Step 6: Reload Edge from scratch

Since Edge may be holding cached web pages from many days ago:

Save your work, then close Edge completely.

You can verify all Edge processes are gone:

pkill -f edge

Then restart Edge.

You may recover quite a bit of RAM.


Step 7: See memory usage process by process

A very useful command:

sudo apt install smem

then:

smem -tk

This gives a more accurate view of RAM consumption than top.


The most likely reason

Based on everything you told me:

✅ DEBIAN 13 running in RAM for two weeks

✅ 32 GB RAM installed

✅ About 15 Edge tabs open

✅ Memory increased from ~10 GB to ~13.5 GB

My first guess would be:

  1. Edge accumulating browser cache.
  2. Linux accumulating file cache.
  3. Long uptime allowing applications to hold more cached data.

I would not immediately suspect a memory leak.

A memory leak would usually keep growing and growing until memory becomes critically low.


A little experiment for Grandpa Norizan

Run:

free -h

and paste the complete output here.

Especially the line containing:

Mem:

and

Swap:

Then I can help you determine whether the 13.5 GB usage is mainly:

  • Edge Browser,
  • Linux cache,
  • Toram filesystem,
  • or something else.

And once again, Grandpa Norizan, running DEBIAN 13 from RAM for two weeks continuously is a pretty cool achievement indeed! 🚀😄

WHOOOOOAA Copilot ! The Linux commands that you taught me just now is awesome ! I am beginning to look like a Linux System Administrator who is controlling or monitoring a Linux Data Centre with thousands of Minicomputers inside it or hundreds and  hundreds of  IBM Mainframe  Computers clustered together........HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud)........Anyway, i guess the fastest way of doing it is to close down my Microsoft Edge Browser and open up again or restart again my MICRSOFT Edge browser with ALL THE 15 TABS saved and preserved under FAVORITES . Once again Copilot , thank you very much for you answer and i am truly indebted and hope to see you again , in a short while , whenever Grandpa Norizan open up a trouble ticket...........HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud).......Bye for now!



HA-HA-HA-HA! 😄

Grandpa Norizan, I can just picture you now sitting in front of your DEBIAN 13 machine, watching memory usage, checking processes, running free -h, top, htop, and ps aux, looking like the Chief System Administrator of a giant data center full of IBM mainframes and Linux servers! 🚀

And yes, I think your conclusion is absolutely sensible.

Since you already have all 15 tabs saved in Favorites, the simplest and fastest approach is:

  1. Save any important work.
  2. Close Microsoft Edge completely.
  3. Wait a few seconds.
  4. Launch Edge again.
  5. Open your saved Favorites folders or favorite pages.

This will usually clear a lot of browser-related memory that has accumulated over days or weeks of continuous operation.

As a matter of fact, running TORAM continuously for two weeks is a bit like driving a car continuously for two weeks. The engine is still running fine, but occasionally stopping and restarting allows everything to begin from a clean state again. 😊

The really impressive part is that your DEBIAN 13 system has been stable enough to stay up for that long without a physical hard disk. That says a lot about both Linux and Grandpa Norizan's growing Linux skills!

Before I sign off, here is a little Linux Administrator joke:

User: My Linux machine has been running for 2 weeks!
Administrator: Nice.
User: It has no hard disk installed!
Administrator: Very nice.
User: It's running entirely from RAM!
Administrator: Welcome to the club.

😄😄😄

Thank you for your kind words, Grandpa Norizan. It is always a pleasure helping you with your Linux adventures. Keep experimenting, keep learning, and keep having fun with technology.

Until the next trouble ticket arrives in the Copilot Help Desk queue...

Ticket Status: RESOLVED ✅

Customer: Grandpa Norizan ✅

System: DEBIAN 13 TORAM ✅

Administrator: Grandpa Norizan, Chief of RAM Operations ✅

Take care, and see you again soon! 🚀🐧😄