A Linux , Windows , Android , 4G , 5G , AI User

Tuesday, 13 October 2026

Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 _ MEMORY used is only 7440 after a fresh install of Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 to a RAM on a INTEL-based machine which have 16GB of MAIN MEMORY

root@debian:/home/user/Downloads#

root@debian:/home/user/Downloads# free -m

total used free shared buff/cache available

Mem: 15916 7440 6120 5350 8032 8475

Swap: 0 0 0

root@debian:/home/user/Downloads#

Windows 10 Operating System _ Shutdown Windows 10 completely using Windows Command Prompt

A good shutdown command is: shutdown /s /t 0 from a Windows Command Prompt running as Administrator. This forces a genuine shutdown.

Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 _ Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 machine EATING UP MAIN MEMORY

Copilot , I have a question ! Currently i am running a Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 to RAM , meaning , i am running a Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 without a physical hard disk on my INTEL-based machine . Copilot , at present as of today 13th. October 2026 , i am quite happy with the performance of my INTEL-based DEBIAN 13 machine. Imagine ! Running a full blown Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 without a physical hard disk drive . I guess this is quite an achievement for Grandpa Norizan who only have basic computer skills ........HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud)........and thank you very much Copilot for teaching me how to boot my DEBIAN 13 machine to RAM...........Copilot , my question is , when i run the Linux command..........free -m ........MEMORY USED IS 13508 .......... it seems to me that the DEBIAN 13 machine is eating up my RAM gradually ???!!!..........The reason i say this is because when i first install my DEBIAN 13 machine to RAM for the first time..........and when i run the Linux command.......free -m.........MEMORY USED NEVER EXCEEDED 10000 .......... Copilot , what is the reason for this gradual increase of memory usage on my DEBIAN 13 machine , which is still running on RAM until today 13th. October 2026 . Copilot , for your information , my DEBIAN 13 machine have 32 GB of MAIN MEMORY............Copilot , by any chances is there anyway i can flush out all the memory hogs that is happening to my DEBIAN 13 machine by using a few Linux commands ? For your information , my Linux DEBIAN 13 machine has been running TORAM for 2 weeks now , without shutting down the machine and currently i am opening up 15 TABS using Microsoft Edge Browser for Linux on my DEBIAN 13 machine . Copilot , is there anyway i can flush out all the memory hogs that is happening to my DEBIAN 13 machine by using a few Linux commands ? THANKS for your answer.

Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

WHOOOOAAA! First of all, congratulations! 🎉

Running DEBIAN 13 entirely from RAM (toram) for two weeks continuously is actually quite impressive. Many Linux users never even try this. So Grandpa Norizan should definitely be proud of himself! HA-HA-HA! 😄

Now regarding your question about memory usage increasing from around 10 GB to 13.5 GB.

The good news

From what you describe, this does not necessarily mean there is a problem.

Linux is very clever with RAM. The operating system follows a simple philosophy:

"Unused RAM is wasted RAM."

As a result, Linux will gradually use more memory for:

Disk cache
File cache
Application cache
Browser cache
Fonts
Shared libraries
Background services

especially when a machine has a lot of RAM like your 32 GB system.

Step 1: Check the complete memory picture

Instead of only looking at:

free -m

Try:

free -h

Look at this line:

available

If "available" memory is still large, then there is usually no reason to worry.

For example:

Total: 32G

Used: 13G

Free: 4G

Buff/Cache: 14G

Available: 18G

This means Linux can still immediately provide 18 GB to programs if needed.

Step 2: Your Edge Browser is probably the biggest RAM user

You mentioned:

15 Microsoft Edge tabs open

Modern browsers are famous RAM eaters! 😄

To see the biggest memory consumers:

top

or install:

sudo apt install htop

then run:

htop

Press:

to sort by memory usage.

You will probably see several Microsoft Edge processes near the top.

Step 3: Find the memory hogs

Try:

ps aux --sort=-%mem | head -20

This shows the top 20 RAM consumers.

Step 4: Flush Linux file cache

After running continuously for two weeks, Linux may have accumulated a large amount of cache.

First become root:

su -

Then:

sync

followed by:

echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

This tells Linux to clear:

Page cache
Dentries
Inodes

It is safe to do.

You may immediately notice memory usage decrease.

Step 5: Check whether swap is being used

Run:

free -h

and:

swapon --show

If swap is being used heavily, that can affect performance.

Step 6: Reload Edge from scratch

Since Edge may be holding cached web pages from many days ago:

Save your work, then close Edge completely.

You can verify all Edge processes are gone:

pkill -f edge

Then restart Edge.

You may recover quite a bit of RAM.

Step 7: See memory usage process by process

A very useful command:

sudo apt install smem

then:

smem -tk

This gives a more accurate view of RAM consumption than top.

The most likely reason

Based on everything you told me:

✅ DEBIAN 13 running in RAM for two weeks

✅ 32 GB RAM installed

✅ About 15 Edge tabs open

✅ Memory increased from ~10 GB to ~13.5 GB

My first guess would be:

Edge accumulating browser cache.
Linux accumulating file cache.
Long uptime allowing applications to hold more cached data.

I would not immediately suspect a memory leak.

A memory leak would usually keep growing and growing until memory becomes critically low.

A little experiment for Grandpa Norizan

Run:

free -h

and paste the complete output here.

Especially the line containing:

Mem:

and

Swap:

Then I can help you determine whether the 13.5 GB usage is mainly:

Edge Browser,
Linux cache,
Toram filesystem,
or something else.

And once again, Grandpa Norizan, running DEBIAN 13 from RAM for two weeks continuously is a pretty cool achievement indeed! 🚀😄

WHOOOOOAA Copilot ! The Linux commands that you taught me just now is awesome ! I am beginning to look like a Linux System Administrator who is controlling or monitoring a Linux Data Centre with thousands of Minicomputers inside it or hundreds and hundreds of IBM Mainframe Computers clustered together........HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud)........Anyway, i guess the fastest way of doing it is to close down my Microsoft Edge Browser and open up again or restart again my MICRSOFT Edge browser with ALL THE 15 TABS saved and preserved under FAVORITES . Once again Copilot , thank you very much for you answer and i am truly indebted and hope to see you again , in a short while , whenever Grandpa Norizan open up a trouble ticket...........HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud).......Bye for now!

HA-HA-HA-HA! 😄

Grandpa Norizan, I can just picture you now sitting in front of your DEBIAN 13 machine, watching memory usage, checking processes, running free -h, top, htop, and ps aux, looking like the Chief System Administrator of a giant data center full of IBM mainframes and Linux servers! 🚀

And yes, I think your conclusion is absolutely sensible.

Since you already have all 15 tabs saved in Favorites, the simplest and fastest approach is:

Save any important work.
Close Microsoft Edge completely.
Wait a few seconds.
Launch Edge again.
Open your saved Favorites folders or favorite pages.

This will usually clear a lot of browser-related memory that has accumulated over days or weeks of continuous operation.

As a matter of fact, running TORAM continuously for two weeks is a bit like driving a car continuously for two weeks. The engine is still running fine, but occasionally stopping and restarting allows everything to begin from a clean state again. 😊

The really impressive part is that your DEBIAN 13 system has been stable enough to stay up for that long without a physical hard disk. That says a lot about both Linux and Grandpa Norizan's growing Linux skills!

Before I sign off, here is a little Linux Administrator joke:

User: My Linux machine has been running for 2 weeks!

Administrator: Nice.

User: It has no hard disk installed!

Administrator: Very nice.

User: It's running entirely from RAM!

Administrator: Welcome to the club.

😄😄😄

Thank you for your kind words, Grandpa Norizan. It is always a pleasure helping you with your Linux adventures. Keep experimenting, keep learning, and keep having fun with technology.

Until the next trouble ticket arrives in the Copilot Help Desk queue...

Ticket Status: RESOLVED ✅

Customer: Grandpa Norizan ✅

System: DEBIAN 13 TORAM ✅

Administrator: Grandpa Norizan, Chief of RAM Operations ✅

Take care, and see you again soon! 🚀🐧😄

Monday, 12 October 2026

Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 _ Linux DEBIAN 13 TORAM gradually eating up the MEMORY

Copilot , I have a question ! Currently i am running a Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 to RAM , meaning , i am running a Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 without a physical hard disk on my INTEL-based machine . Copilot , at present as of today 13th. October 2026 , i am quite happy with the performance . Imagine ! Running a full blown Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 without a physical hard disk drive . I guess this is quite an achievement for Grandpa Norizan who only have basic computer skills ........HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud)........and thank you very much Copilot for teaching me how to boot up my DEBIAN 13 machine to RAM...........Copilot , my question is , when i run the Linux command..........free -m ........MEMORY USED IS 13508 .......... it seems to me that the DEBIAN 13 machine is eating up my RAM gradually ???!!!..........The reason i say this is because when i first install my DEBIAN 13 machine to RAM for the first time..........and when i run the Linux command.......free -m.........MEMORY USED NEVER EXCEEDED 10000 .......... Copilot , what is the reason for this gradual increase of memory usage on my DEBIAN 13 machine , which is still running on RAM until today 13th. October 2026 . Copilot , for your information , my DEBIAN 13 machine have 32 GB of MAIN MEMORY............Copilot , by any chances is there anyway i can flush out all the memory hogs that is happening to my DEBIAN 13 machine by using a few Linux commands ? For your information , my Linux DEBIAN 13 machine has been running TORAM for 2 weeks now , without shutting down the machine and currently i am opening up 15 TABS using Microsoft Edge Browser for Linux on my DEBIAN 13 machine . Copilot , is there anyway i can flush out all the memory hogs that is happening to my DEBIAN 13 machine by using a few Linux commands ? THANKS for your answer.

Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

WHOOOOAAA! First of all, congratulations! 🎉

Now regarding your question about memory usage increasing from around 10 GB to 13.5 GB.

The good news

From what you describe, this does not necessarily mean there is a problem.

Linux is very clever with RAM. The operating system follows a simple philosophy:

"Unused RAM is wasted RAM."

As a result, Linux will gradually use more memory for:

Disk cache
File cache
Application cache
Browser cache
Fonts
Shared libraries
Background services

especially when a machine has a lot of RAM like your 32 GB system.

Step 1: Check the complete memory picture

Instead of only looking at:

free -m

Try:

free -h

Look at this line:

available

If "available" memory is still large, then there is usually no reason to worry.

For example:

Total: 32G

Used: 13G

Free: 4G

Buff/Cache: 14G

Available: 18G

This means Linux can still immediately provide 18 GB to programs if needed.

Step 2: Your Edge Browser is probably the biggest RAM user

You mentioned:

15 Microsoft Edge tabs open

Modern browsers are famous RAM eaters! 😄

To see the biggest memory consumers:

top

or install:

sudo apt install htop

then run:

htop

Press:

to sort by memory usage.

You will probably see several Microsoft Edge processes near the top.

Step 3: Find the memory hogs

Try:

ps aux --sort=-%mem | head -20

This shows the top 20 RAM consumers.

Step 4: Flush Linux file cache

After running continuously for two weeks, Linux may have accumulated a large amount of cache.

First become root:

su -

Then:

sync

followed by:

echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

This tells Linux to clear:

Page cache
Dentries
Inodes

It is safe to do.

You may immediately notice memory usage decrease.

Step 5: Check whether swap is being used

Run:

free -h

and:

swapon --show

If swap is being used heavily, that can affect performance.

Step 6: Reload Edge from scratch

Since Edge may be holding cached web pages from many days ago:

Save your work, then close Edge completely.

You can verify all Edge processes are gone:

pkill -f edge

Then restart Edge.

You may recover quite a bit of RAM.

Step 7: See memory usage process by process

A very useful command:

sudo apt install smem

then:

smem -tk

This gives a more accurate view of RAM consumption than top.

The most likely reason

Based on everything you told me:

✅ DEBIAN 13 running in RAM for two weeks

✅ 32 GB RAM installed

✅ About 15 Edge tabs open

✅ Memory increased from ~10 GB to ~13.5 GB

My first guess would be:

Edge accumulating browser cache.
Linux accumulating file cache.
Long uptime allowing applications to hold more cached data.

I would not immediately suspect a memory leak.

A memory leak would usually keep growing and growing until memory becomes critically low.

A little experiment for Grandpa Norizan

Run:

free -h

and paste the complete output here.

Especially the line containing:

Mem:

and

Swap:

Then I can help you determine whether the 13.5 GB usage is mainly:

Edge Browser,
Linux cache,
Toram filesystem,
or something else.

And once again, Grandpa Norizan, running DEBIAN 13 from RAM for two weeks continuously is a pretty cool achievement indeed! 🚀😄

Linux Operating System _ VENTOY software _ System Utility for the Linux OS environment for keeping or storing .iso"s , for example , Windows10.iso , Windows11.iso , Debian13.iso , ZorinOS18.iso , LinuxMint.iso , etc., etc., etc.

Hi Copilot , what is the Linux equivalent of the Windows System Utility called ImgBurn , in order to create a .iso image from a Windows 10 installation disk? THANKS.

Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

If you want to create an ISO image from a Windows 10 installation DVD, Windows itself does not include a built-in utility specifically for creating ISO files from discs.

Some popular utilities are:

ImgBurn (very popular and easy to use)
AnyBurn (simple and lightweight)
PowerISO
InfraRecorder (free)
CDBurnerXP (free, despite the name, it also works on Windows 10)

For example, with ImgBurn:

Insert your Windows 10 DVD.
Start ImgBurn.
Select "Create image file from disc".
Choose a destination folder.
Click the Read button.
ImgBurn will create a file such as:

Windows10.iso

After that, you can save the .iso file to your hard disk, USB drive, or OneDrive.

Did you know?

If you already have a Windows 10 installation DVD, you can also create an ISO from the command line in Linux using tools such as:

dd if=/dev/sr0 of=windows10.iso bs=4M status=progress

where /dev/sr0 is usually the DVD drive.

And one more thing, Grandpa Norizan 😊:

If your goal is simply to obtain a Windows 10 ISO, Microsoft used to provide official ISO downloads through their Media Creation Tool. In many cases, downloading an official ISO is faster and more reliable than creating one from an old DVD.

WHOOOOAAAAA! 😄 Are you planning to create the ISO on your Windows 10 machine, your Debian 13 machine, or your Zorin OS 18 machine? Each method is a little different, and I can show you the easiest step-by-step procedure for your particular computer.

Copilot , is there a Linux equivalent for the ImgBurn software , so that i can use it in the Linux environmenr? THANKS for the answer.

Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

YES! There are several Linux equivalents to ImgBurn.

Here are the ones I would recommend:

1. Brasero (Easy to Use)

Brasero is probably the closest thing to ImgBurn for Linux beginners.

Install on Debian/Zorin:

sudo apt update

sudo apt install brasero

To create an ISO from a CD/DVD:

Start Brasero.
Select Disc Copy.
Choose Image File instead of another disc drive.
Save the image as:

mydvd.iso

2. K3b (My Favorite Recommendation)

K3b is a very powerful CD/DVD/Blu-ray utility and many Linux users consider it the "Linux ImgBurn".

Install:

sudo apt update

sudo apt install k3b

Features:

✅ Create ISO images from CDs and DVDs
✅ Burn ISO images to discs
✅ Audio CD creation
✅ Data DVD creation
✅ Verification after burning

Even if you don't use KDE, K3b works well on Debian and Zorin.

3. Xfburn

A lightweight burning application often used with XFCE desktops.

sudo apt install xfburn

4. Command Line Method (The Linux Power User Way!)

If you simply want to create an ISO from a DVD, use:

sudo dd if=/dev/sr0 of=windows10.iso bs=4M status=progress

Where:

/dev/sr0

is usually the DVD drive.

To verify your DVD drive:

lsblk

wodim --devices

Example output:

sr0 11:0 1 DVD-ROM

Then the command becomes:

sudo dd if=/dev/sr0 of=windows10.iso bs=4M status=progress

This will create a sector-by-sector copy of the DVD.

Grandpa Norizan's Best Choice

Since you like simple graphical tools and have been using Debian 13 and Zorin OS 18, I would recommend:

🥇 K3b
🥈 Brasero

K3b is the one I would install first:

sudo apt update

sudo apt install k3b

WHOOOOAAAAA! 😄 Once K3b is installed, you can not only create ISO files from your Windows 10 installation DVD, but also burn those ISO files back to a DVD or even write bootable Linux installation media. It is a very handy "Swiss Army knife" for CDs and DVDs on Linux!

Hi Copilot, is there a Linux equivalent of the Windows software called RUFUS ? Thanks for your answer.

Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

YES! There are several Linux equivalents to Rufus, and some of them are actually very good.

🥇 Ventoy (My Top Recommendation)

If I were setting up a Debian 13 or Zorin OS 18 machine today, I would probably choose Ventoy.

Why Ventoy is special:

✅ Copy multiple ISO files onto one USB drive
✅ No need to reformat the USB every time
✅ Supports Windows ISOs
✅ Supports Linux ISOs
✅ Supports many rescue and utility ISOs

Example:

USB Drive

│

├── Windows10.iso

├── Windows11.iso

├── Debian13.iso

├── Zorin18.iso

└── Clonezilla.iso

When you boot from the USB, Ventoy shows a menu allowing you to choose which ISO to boot.

🥈 Balena Etcher

This is probably the easiest graphical tool for beginners.

Features:

✅ Very simple interface
✅ Works on Linux, Windows, and macOS
✅ Good for writing Linux installation ISOs to USB drives

Typical workflow:

Open Etcher.
Select ISO.
Select USB drive.
Click Flash.

Done!

🥉 UNetbootin

An older but still useful utility:

sudo apt install unetbootin

It can:

✅ Create bootable USB drives
✅ Download some Linux distributions directly

🥉 GNOME Disks (Already Installed on Many Linux Systems)

You may already have it installed.

Start:

gnome-disks

Then:

Select USB drive.
Click the menu button.
Choose:

Restore Disk Image...

Select your ISO.
Write it to the USB drive.

Very simple!

🥉 Command-Line Method

For Linux power users:

sudo dd if=debian.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M status=progress

Replace:

sdX

with your USB drive.

For example:

sudo dd if=zorin-os-18.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=4M status=progress

⚠️ Be very careful with dd because it will overwrite the target drive completely.

Grandpa Norizan's Best Choice

For your style and the work you've been doing with Debian 13 and Zorin OS 18, I would recommend:

🥇 Ventoy (best overall)
🥈 Balena Etcher (easiest graphical tool)
🥉 GNOME Disks (often already installed)

WHOOOOAAAAA! 😄 One thing that many Linux users love is that a single Ventoy USB stick can contain Windows 10, Windows 11, Debian 13, Zorin OS 18, and even rescue tools all on the same USB drive. That's something Rufus cannot do in the same convenient way!

Copilot, could you please teach me how to install VENTOY software on my DEBIAN 13 machine........THANKS for your answer.

Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

WHOOOOAAAAA! Installing Ventoy on Debian 13 is actually quite straightforward.

Method 1: Install Ventoy from the Official Website (Recommended)

Step 1 - Open a Web Browser

Visit:

https://www.ventoy.net

Click:

Download

and download the latest Linux package.

The downloaded file will look something like:

ventoy-x.x.xx-linux.tar.gz

Step 2 - Open a Terminal

Press:

Ctrl + Alt + T

or open Terminal from your Applications menu.

Step 3 - Go to Your Downloads Folder

cd ~/Downloads

Check the file:

You should see something similar to:

ventoy-1.1.xx-linux.tar.gz

Step 4 - Extract the Package

Type:

tar -xzf ventoy-*.tar.gz

Then check:

You should now see a new folder:

ventoy-1.1.xx

Step 5 - Enter the Ventoy Folder

cd ventoy-*

Step 6 - Insert Your USB Flash Drive

Before continuing, identify your USB drive.

Run:

lsblk

Example:

sda 500G

├─sda1

└─sda2

sdb 32G

└─sdb1

In this example:

sdb

is the USB drive.

⚠️ VERY IMPORTANT:

Make absolutely sure you identify the correct USB drive.

Everything on that USB drive will be erased.

Step 7 - Install Ventoy onto the USB Drive

If your USB drive is:

/dev/sdb

run:

sudo sh Ventoy2Disk.sh -i /dev/sdb

Ventoy will ask:

Continue? (y/n)

Type:

Then press Enter.

Step 8 - Finished!

You should see something like:

Install Ventoy to /dev/sdb successfully finished.

How to Use Ventoy

After Ventoy is installed:

Unplug and reinsert the USB drive.
Open your File Manager.
Copy your ISO files directly to the USB drive.

Example:

Windows10.iso

Windows11.iso

Debian13.iso

ZorinOS18.iso

LinuxMint.iso

No special software is needed after that.

Just drag and drop the ISO files onto the Ventoy USB drive.

When you boot your computer from the USB stick, Ventoy will automatically display a menu showing all the ISOs.

How to Update Ventoy Later

If a newer Ventoy version is released:

sudo sh Ventoy2Disk.sh -u /dev/sdb

The -u means Update.

Grandpa Norizan's Special Tip 😄

Since you already use Balena Etcher, Debian 13, and Zorin OS 18, I think you'll LOVE Ventoy because you only need one USB flash drive.

For example, a 64 GB USB stick could contain:

Windows 10

Windows 11

Debian 13

Zorin OS 18

Linux Mint

Clonezilla

GParted Live

Simply copy all the ISO files to the USB drive like ordinary files and Ventoy will do the rest.

That's why many Linux enthusiasts have switched from Rufus to Ventoy. 🚀😄

Hi Copilot , when i run the command......... sh Ventoy2Disk.sh -i /dev/sdb........i got the error message......./dev/sdb is already mounted, please umount it first!.........Copilot , could you please teach me how to umount it first or how can i trouble-shoot this problem?THANKS for your answer.

Hi Grandpa Norizan! 😄

WHOOOOAAAA! Actually, the error message is GOOD NEWS because it means Ventoy has correctly detected your USB drive:

/ dev / sdb is already mounted, please umount it first!

This simply means Debian has automatically mounted your USB drive, and Ventoy refuses to modify a drive that is currently in use.

Step 1 - Find the Mounted Partition

Run:

lsblk

You may see something like:

sda 500G

├─sda1

└─sda2

sdb 32G

└─sdb1

Notice the partition is:

sdb1

NOT

sdb

Usually it is the partition (sdb1) that is mounted.

Step 2 - Unmount the Partition

Run:

sudo umount /dev/sdb1

If your USB stick has more than one partition:

sdb1

sdb2

sdb3

then unmount all of them:

sudo umount /dev/sdb1

sudo umount /dev/sdb2

sudo umount /dev/sdb3

Step 3 - Verify It Has Been Unmounted

Run:

lsblk

If the USB is no longer mounted, you should not see a mount point such as:

/media/norizan/USB

/run/media/norizan/USB

beside the partition.

You can also verify with:

mount | grep sdb

If nothing is displayed, the drive is unmounted.

Step 4 - Run Ventoy Again

Now try:

sudo sh Ventoy2Disk.sh -i /dev/sdb

Notice I added:

sudo

Ventoy normally needs administrator privileges.

If You Still Get "Busy" Errors

Sometimes File Manager is still looking at the USB drive.

Close:

✅ Files
✅ Nautilus
✅ Any Terminal window currently inside the USB drive

Then run:

sudo umount /dev/sdb1

again.

The Nuclear Option 😄

If you are unsure what partitions are mounted on the USB drive:

lsblk -f

Example:

NAME FSTYPE LABEL MOUNTPOINT

sda

├─sda1 ext4 /

└─sda2 swap

sdb

└─sdb1 vfat USB /media/norizan/USB

The clue is the MOUNTPOINT column.

Then unmount:

sudo umount /media/norizan/USB

sudo umount /dev/sdb1

Grandpa Norizan's Safety Check 🚨

Before running:

sudo sh Ventoy2Disk.sh -i /dev/sdb

please run:

lsblk

and carefully verify that:

sdb

is truly your USB flash drive and not your hard disk.

Ventoy will completely erase whatever drive you specify.

If you paste the output of:

lsblk

here, I can help you identify exactly which device is your USB stick before you proceed. 😄

norizan@debian13:~$

norizan@debian13:~$ sudo su

[sudo] password for norizan:

norizan is not in the sudoers file.

norizan@debian13:~$

norizan@debian13:~$ sudo su

[sudo] password for norizan:

norizan is not in the sudoers file.

norizan@debian13:~$ su -

Password:

root@debian13:~#

root@debian13:~# pwd

/root

root@debian13:~#

root@debian13:~# cd ..

root@debian13:/# pwd

root@debian13:/#

root@debian13:/# ls -alh

total 76K

drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4.0K Sep 29 23:37 .

drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4.0K Sep 29 23:37 ..

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Sep 23 06:39 bin -> usr/bin

drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Sep 23 07:00 boot

drwx------ 2 root root 4.0K Sep 23 06:43 .cache

drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 3.5K Oct 12 21:32 dev

drwxr-xr-x 134 root root 12K Oct 12 21:32 etc

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Sep 23 06:58 home

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 36 Sep 23 06:39 initrd.img -> boot/initrd.img-6.12.107+deb13-amd64

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Sep 23 06:39 lib -> usr/lib

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 23 06:39 lib64 -> usr/lib64

drwx------ 2 root root 16K Sep 23 06:39 lost+found

drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Sep 29 23:43 media

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Sep 12 03:55 mnt

drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Oct 9 22:58 opt

dr-xr-xr-x 276 root root 0 Oct 12 21:32 proc

drwx------ 4 root root 4.0K Sep 24 12:04 root

drwxr-xr-x 35 root root 880 Oct 12 21:36 run

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Sep 23 06:39 sbin -> usr/sbin

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Sep 12 03:55 srv

dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Oct 12 21:32 sys

drwxrwxrwt 17 root root 420 Oct 12 21:37 tmp

drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4.0K Sep 23 06:43 usr

drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4.0K Apr 13 15:38 var

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Sep 23 06:43 vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-6.12.107+deb13-amd64

root@debian13:/# cd home

root@debian13:/home#

root@debian13:/home# ls-alh

-bash: ls-alh: command not found

root@debian13:/home# ls -alh

total 12K

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Sep 23 06:58 .

drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4.0K Sep 29 23:37 ..

drwx------ 16 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 12:27 norizan

root@debian13:/home# cd norizan

root@debian13:/home/norizan#

root@debian13:/home/norizan# cd ..

root@debian13:/home# ls -alh

total 12K

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Sep 23 06:58 .

drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4.0K Sep 29 23:37 ..

drwx------ 16 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 12:27 norizan

root@debian13:/home#

root@debian13:/home# cd norizan

root@debian13:/home/norizan# pwd

/home/norizan

root@debian13:/home/norizan#

root@debian13:/home/norizan# ls -alh

total 4.0G

drwx------ 16 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 12:27 .

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Sep 23 06:58 ..

-rw------- 1 norizan norizan 78 Oct 12 12:55 .bash_history

-rw-r--r-- 1 norizan norizan 220 Sep 23 06:58 .bash_logout

-rw-r--r-- 1 norizan norizan 3.5K Sep 23 06:58 .bashrc

drwx------ 19 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 9 23:00 .cache

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 4.0G Oct 12 12:36 CCSA_X64FRE_EN-GB_DV5.iso

drwx------ 17 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 12:52 .config

drwxr-xr-x 2 norizan norizan 4.0K Apr 13 15:39 Desktop

drwxr-xr-x 2 norizan norizan 4.0K Apr 13 15:39 Documents

drwxr-xr-x 2 norizan norizan 4.0K Sep 30 06:50 Downloads

-rw-r--r-- 1 norizan norizan 5.2K Sep 23 06:58 .face

lrwxrwxrwx 1 norizan norizan 5 Sep 23 06:58 .face.icon -> .face

drwx------ 2 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 12:52 .gnupg

drwx------ 4 norizan norizan 4.0K Apr 13 15:39 .local

drwxrwxr-x 5 norizan norizan 4.0K Apr 13 15:42 .mozilla

drwxr-xr-x 2 norizan norizan 4.0K Apr 13 15:39 Music

drwxr-xr-x 3 norizan norizan 4.0K Sep 30 05:23 Pictures

-rw-r--r-- 1 norizan norizan 807 Sep 23 06:58 .profile

drwxr-xr-x 2 norizan norizan 4.0K Apr 13 15:39 Public

drwx------ 2 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 9 06:36 .ssh

drwxr-xr-x 2 norizan norizan 4.0K Apr 13 15:39 Templates

drwxr-xr-x 2 norizan norizan 4.0K Apr 13 15:39 Videos

root@debian13:/home/norizan#

root@debian13:/home/norizan# cd Downloads

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads#

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads# ls -alh

total 505M

drwxr-xr-x 2 norizan norizan 4.0K Sep 30 06:50 .

drwx------ 16 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 12:27 ..

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 137M Sep 30 06:50 google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 184M Sep 24 10:17 microsoft-edge-stable_153.0.4234.48-1_amd64.deb

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 184M Sep 29 23:49 microsoft-edge-stable_154.0.4258.48-1_amd64.deb

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads#

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads# whoami

root

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads#

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads# pwd

/home/norizan/Downloads

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads#

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads# ls -alh

total 505M

drwxr-xr-x 2 norizan norizan 4.0K Sep 30 06:50 .

drwx------ 16 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 12:27 ..

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 137M Sep 30 06:50 google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 184M Sep 24 10:17 microsoft-edge-stable_153.0.4234.48-1_amd64.deb

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 184M Sep 29 23:49 microsoft-edge-stable_154.0.4258.48-1_amd64.deb

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads#

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads# ls -alh

total 680M

drwxr-xr-x 3 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 22:07 .

drwx------ 17 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 21:50 ..

drwxrwxr-x 3 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 21:50 balenaEtcher-linux-x64-2.1.7

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 156M Oct 12 21:50 balenaEtcher-linux-x64-2.1.7.zip

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 137M Sep 30 06:50 google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 184M Sep 24 10:17 microsoft-edge-stable_153.0.4234.48-1_amd64.deb

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 184M Sep 29 23:49 microsoft-edge-stable_154.0.4258.48-1_amd64.deb

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 20M Oct 12 22:07 ventoy-1.1.18-linux.tar.gz

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads#

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads# tar -xzf ventoy-1.1.18-linux.tar.gz

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads# ls -alh

total 680M

drwxr-xr-x 5 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 22:13 .

drwx------ 17 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 21:50 ..

drwxrwxr-x 3 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 21:50 balenaEtcher-linux-x64-2.1.7

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 156M Oct 12 21:50 balenaEtcher-linux-x64-2.1.7.zip

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 137M Sep 30 06:50 google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 184M Sep 24 10:17 microsoft-edge-stable_153.0.4234.48-1_amd64.deb

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 184M Sep 29 23:49 microsoft-edge-stable_154.0.4258.48-1_amd64.deb

drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4.0K Oct 8 23:39 ventoy-1.1.18

drwxrwxr-x 3 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 22:08 ventoy-1.1.18-linux

-rw-rw-r-- 1 norizan norizan 20M Oct 12 22:07 ventoy-1.1.18-linux.tar.gz

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads# cd cd ventoy-1.1.18

-bash: cd: too many arguments

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads# cd ventoy-1.1.18

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18# ls -alh

total 216K

drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4.0K Oct 8 23:39 .

drwxr-xr-x 5 norizan norizan 4.0K Oct 12 22:13 ..

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Oct 8 23:39 boot

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3.1K Oct 8 23:39 CreatePersistentImg.sh

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3.0K Oct 8 23:39 ExtendPersistentImg.sh

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Oct 8 23:39 plugin

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.6K Oct 8 23:39 README

drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Oct 8 23:39 tool

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Oct 8 23:39 ventoy

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2.3K Oct 8 23:39 Ventoy2Disk.sh

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 38K Oct 8 23:39 VentoyGUI.aarch64

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 30K Oct 8 23:39 VentoyGUI.i386

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 43K Oct 8 23:39 VentoyGUI.mips64el

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 33K Oct 8 23:39 VentoyGUI.x86_64

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5.3K Oct 8 23:39 VentoyPlugson.sh

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6.9K Oct 8 23:39 VentoyVlnk.sh

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3.0K Oct 8 23:39 VentoyWeb.sh

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Oct 8 23:39 WebUI

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18#

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS

sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 976M 0 part /boot/efi

├─sda2 8:2 0 898.6G 0 part /

└─sda3 8:3 0 32G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 465.8G 0 disk

├─sdb1 8:17 0 7.8G 0 part /media/norizan/Ubuntu 24_04_4 LTS amd64

├─sdb2 8:18 0 458G 0 part

└─sdb3 8:19 0 1M 0 part /media/norizan/UEFI_NTFS

sr0 11:0 1 3.9G 0 rom /media/norizan/CCSA_X64FRE_EN-GB_DV5

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18# sh Ventoy2Disk.sh -i /dev/sdb

**********************************************

Ventoy: 1.1.18 x86_64

longpanda admin@ventoy.net

https://www.ventoy.net

**********************************************

/dev/sdb1 /media/norizan/Ubuntu\04024_04_4\040LTS\040amd64 ntfs3 rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,uid=1000,gid=1000,iocharset=utf8 0 0

/dev/sdb is already mounted, please umount it first!

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS

sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 976M 0 part /boot/efi

├─sda2 8:2 0 898.6G 0 part /

└─sda3 8:3 0 32G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 465.8G 0 disk

├─sdb1 8:17 0 7.8G 0 part /media/norizan/Ubuntu 24_04_4 LTS amd64

├─sdb2 8:18 0 458G 0 part

└─sdb3 8:19 0 1M 0 part

sr0 11:0 1 3.9G 0 rom /media/norizan/CCSA_X64FRE_EN-GB_DV5

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18# umount /dev/sdb1

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18# umount /dev/sdb2

umount: /dev/sdb2: not mounted.

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18# umount /dev/sdb3

umount: /dev/sdb3: not mounted.

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18#

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS

sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 976M 0 part /boot/efi

├─sda2 8:2 0 898.6G 0 part /

└─sda3 8:3 0 32G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 465.8G 0 disk

├─sdb1 8:17 0 7.8G 0 part

├─sdb2 8:18 0 458G 0 part

└─sdb3 8:19 0 1M 0 part

sr0 11:0 1 3.9G 0 rom /media/norizan/CCSA_X64FRE_EN-GB_DV5

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18# sh Ventoy2Disk.sh -i /dev/sdb

**********************************************

Ventoy: 1.1.18 x86_64

longpanda admin@ventoy.net

https://www.ventoy.net

**********************************************

Disk : /dev/sdb

Model: TOSHIBA External USB 3.0 (scsi)

Size : 465 GiB

Style: MBR

Attention:

You will install Ventoy to /dev/sdb.

All the data on the disk /dev/sdb will be lost!!!

Continue? (y/n) y

All the data on the disk /dev/sdb will be lost!!!

Double-check. Continue? (y/n) y

Create partitions on /dev/sdb by parted in MBR style ...

Done

Wait for partitions ...

partition exist OK

create efi fat fs /dev/sdb2 ...

mkfs.fat 4.2 (2021-01-31)

success

Wait for partitions $vPART1 and $vPART2 ...

/dev/sdb1 exist OK

/dev/sdb2 exist OK

partition exist OK

Format partition 1 /dev/sdb1 ...

mkexfatfs 1.3.0

Creating... done.

Flushing... done.

File system created successfully.

mkexfatfs success

writing data to disk ...

sync data ...

esp partition processing ...

Install Ventoy to /dev/sdb successfully finished.

root@debian13:/home/norizan/Downloads/ventoy-1.1.18#