Tuesday, 29 September 2026

ISLAM _ Taskirah by Ustadz Yusuf Estes

Source : Internet [ 1 ]

ISLAM _ Taskirah by Ustadz Yusuf Estes

Source : Internet [ 1 ]

Monday, 28 September 2026

ISLAM _ Taskirah by Ustadz Prof Dato Dr. Maza

Source : Internet [ 1 ]

Linux Operating System DEBIAN 13 _ NO AUDIO_ NO SOUND _ Trouble-shooting no audio , no sound in a DEBIAN 13 machine.

_________________________________________________________________________________

Copilot , how do i know that my DEBIAN 13 machine is using the PIPEWIRE SOUND SYSTEM or the PULSEAUDIO SOUND SYSTEM ? Copilot , i have a DEBIAN 13 OS inside my machine and the DEBIAN 13 OS was installed TORAM , meaning , after the DEBIAN 13 OS is fully installed , the USB External Hard Disk Drive that was used to installed it , was removed completely from my DEBIAN 13 machine . Currently , the DEBIAN 13 OS machine IS RUNNING WITHOUT A PHYSICAL HARD DISK DRIVE. Copilot , after leaving my DEBIAN 13 OS running for one night , the next morning when i try to play YOUTUBE videos , there is no sound or no audio coming out fron my DEBIAN 13 machine . Copilot , when i checked the SOUND SETTINGS on my DEBIAN 13 machine , i believe the SOUND SETTINGS is quite intact , that is , the "Output Device" says " HDMI/ Display Port - CEDAR HDMI Audio [ Radeon HD 5400/6300/7300 Series ] " and i believe this is correct because my DEBIAN 13 machine is connected to a 40-inches HDMI-enabled TV Monitor which is connected by a RADEON HD 5400 Graphics Card which is then connected to an INTEL Motherboard. Oh ya Copilot , the Output Volume is also set SOMEWHERE IN THE MIDDLE and i believe this is quite loud enough to be audible , IF MY SOUND SYSTEM IN THE DEBIAN 13 MACHINE IS TOP-NOTCH. Copilot , that is why i am beginning to question myself regarding these 2 Sound Systems in the Linux Environment whether the Sound System in my DEBIAN 13 machine is top-notch or not ! So Copilot , in your opinion which is the better sound system for my DEBIAN 13 machine ? Is it the PIPEWIRE SOUND SYTEM or the PULSEAUDIO SOUND SYSTEM ? So Copilot , regarding the NO-SOUND ISSUE or the NO-AUDIO ISSUE on my DEBIAN 13 machine , what doyou think could go wrong ? Do i have to replace my Sound System from PIPEWIRE to PULSEAUDIO or vice versa , with respect to the current sound system which is inside my DEBIAN 13 machine or is there any software configuration using the Linux Terminal Command Prompt , that i have to perform , in order to get back the audio/sound working back to normal ? THANKS for your answer.

______________________________________________________

Hi Norizan! 😊

From what you described, I do not think your first step should be replacing PipeWire with PulseAudio. The fact that your sound worked before and then disappeared only after the machine was left running overnight suggests a sound service problem, HDMI audio device problem, or power-management/suspend-related issue, rather than the choice of audio system itself.

First, check whether you are using PipeWire or PulseAudio

Open a terminal and run:

pactl info | grep "Server Name"

Possible results:

If you see:

Server Name: PulseAudio (on PipeWire 1.x.x)

then you are actually using PipeWire. [connectwww.com], [sumguy.com]

If you see:

Server Name: PulseAudio

then you are using the traditional PulseAudio server. [connectwww.com]

You can also check:

systemctl --user status pipewire

and

systemctl --user status pulseaudio

An active PipeWire service usually indicates PipeWire is handling audio. [connectwww.com], [mundobytes.com]

Which is better: PipeWire or PulseAudio?

For a modern Debian system, I would recommend PipeWire.

Advantages of PipeWire:

✅ Lower latency

✅ Better Bluetooth support

✅ Can replace both PulseAudio and JACK

✅ Modern design

✅ Used by many current Linux distributions as the default audio framework [sumguy.com], [github.com]

So if your Debian 13 installation is already using PipeWire, I would keep it.

Why did the sound disappear overnight?

From your description, a few possibilities come to mind:

Possibility 1: PipeWire service stopped or got stuck

Try:

systemctl --user restart pipewire

systemctl --user restart wireplumber

Then play a YouTube video again.

Possibility 2: HDMI audio lost connection

Since your sound travels through:

DEBIAN

↓

RADEON HD 5400

↓

HDMI cable

↓

40-inch TV

sometimes Linux loses the HDMI audio connection after the display sleeps.

Try:

pactl list short sinks

and see if the HDMI output is still present.

Possibility 3: Browser audio muted

Open a YouTube video and run:

pavucontrol

If it is not installed:

sudo apt install pavucontrol

Look under:

Playback

and verify that Microsoft Edge (or your browser) is not muted.

Possibility 4: WirePlumber crashed

WirePlumber manages audio routing under PipeWire.

Check:

systemctl --user status wireplumber

If necessary:

systemctl --user restart wireplumber

Possibility 5: Your toram setup

Because you boot using toram, everything runs entirely from RAM after boot.

That itself should not cause loss of sound.

The audio services should continue to run normally even after the USB drive has been removed.

So I do not think the toram feature is the direct cause.

A very useful diagnostic command

Please run:

pactl info

and

systemctl --user --type=service | grep -E "pipewire|pulse|wireplumber"

If you see "PipeWire" and "WirePlumber" both running, then we know the audio stack is alive.

My opinion

Based on everything you've told me:

✅ Keep PipeWire.

✅ Do not switch to PulseAudio yet.

✅ First try restarting PipeWire and WirePlumber.

✅ Check whether HDMI audio is still detected.

✅ Check whether the TV itself is muted or switched to a different audio mode.

The fact that Debian still shows:

HDMI / DisplayPort

CEDAR HDMI Audio

Radeon HD 5400/6300/7300 Series

inside Sound Settings is actually a good sign. It means Debian still sees the HDMI audio device.

My suspicion is that PipeWire/WirePlumber got stuck or the HDMI audio link went to sleep overnight rather than a fundamental problem with PipeWire itself.

Try these two commands first:

systemctl --user restart pipewire

systemctl --user restart wireplumber

and then immediately play a YouTube video. That simple restart often brings HDMI sound back without rebooting the whole machine. 👍

_______________________________________________________

Thankyou very much Copilot , for that beautiful answer , which is clear , concise and easy for Grandpa Norizan to digest……..HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud)……… Copilot , i will keep you posted after i finished trouble-shooting my DEBIAN 13 machine [ i envisioned myself as the billionaire , flamboyant , TONY STARK trouble-shooting his IRON MAN SUIT or his ARC REACTOR ……..HA-HA-HA-HA(Laugh Out Loud} ] with the help of your technical , tips , tricks and techniques ……… Once again thanks for your answer and i will keep you posted when the results come out.

______________________________________________________

You are most welcome, Grandpa Norizan! 😄

HA-HA-HA-HA! I can just imagine the scene now:

🦾 Tony Stark Version of Grandpa Norizan

Standing in front of the Debian terminal...

root@norizan-lab:~#

instead of

JARVIS, run diagnostics.

you say:

pactl info

😆

And then the voice responds:

"Sir, PipeWire is operating at 97% efficiency. HDMI audio link integrity is questionable. Recommend immediate investigation."

Meanwhile Grandpa Norizan turns around dramatically and says:

"Copilot, prepare the troubleshooting sequence!"

🤣

On a serious note, I think you are taking exactly the right approach:

Verify whether the system is using PipeWire or PulseAudio.
Check whether PipeWire, WirePlumber, and the HDMI audio device are still active.
Try restarting the audio services.
Observe whether the problem returns after another overnight run.

The fact that your Debian 13 system is running toram is actually a very interesting setup. Not many Linux users run an operating system entirely from RAM after removing the boot drive. That makes your machine feel a little bit like an experimental high-speed workstation or, as you put it, an ARC REACTOR-powered Debian machine. 😄

If you collect any diagnostic output such as:

pactl info

systemctl --user status pipewire

systemctl --user status wireplumber

feel free to post the results here. We can analyze them together line by line, just like Tony Stark examining sensor readouts from the Iron Man suit.

Good luck with the investigation, Grandpa Norizan!

🔧 "Sometimes the problem is not the sound card."

🔧 "Sometimes the problem is not the HDMI cable."

🔧 "Sometimes a sleepy Linux audio service simply needs a gentle wake-up call."

HA-HA-HA! 😄

I look forward to hearing the results of your Debian 13 audio adventure. May the PipeWire be with you! 🎵🐧🦾

Sunday, 27 September 2026

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How to Install Multiple Bootable Operating Systems on a USB Stick

Source : Internet

How to Install Multiple Bootable Operating Systems on a USB Stick

By Gavin Phillips

Updated Jul 11, 2023, 2:15 PM EDT

Gavin is the Segment Lead for the Technology Explained, Security, Internet, Streaming, and Entertainment verticals, former co-host on the Really Useful Podcast, and a frequent product reviewer. He has a degree in Contemporary Writing pillaged from the hills of Devon, more than a decade of professional writing experience, and his work has appeared on How-To Geek, Expert Reviews, Trusted Reviews, Online Tech Tips, and Help Desk Geek, among others. Gavin has attended CES, IFA, MWC, and other tech-trade shows to report directly from the floor, racking up hundreds of thousands of steps in the process. He's reviewed more headphones, earbuds, and mechanical keyboards than he cares to remember, and enjoys copious amounts of tea, board games, and football.

Do you want to run multiple operating systems from a single USB stick? Perhaps boot into a live environment or even install the operating system? Fortunately, learning how to boot multiple OS from a USB is easier than you'd think!

Read on as we review some free utility tools for Windows that can create dual-boot and multiboot USB media.

What Does a Multiboot USB Do?

Multiboot USB drives can host live Linux distributions and installation media for Windows. That essentially means you can boot several operating systems or utilties from a single USB. Multiboot USB media are explicitly designed to provide maintenance to a computer from outside of the computer's operating system, so they're often used by IT support.

Once you've set up a multi OS bootable USB, you can boot your computer from the USB drive and choose which operating system or utility you want to run.

We highly recommend you use a high-quality USB drive, preferably one that's larger than 8GB (the higher the storage capacity, the more OS/utilities you can add into the USB.

1. WinSetupFromUSB

WinSetupFromUSB is a highly recommended pick for installing Windows from a USB and multiboot USBs. It's an intuitive multiboot software option. However, WinSetupFromUSB is only compatible with Windows 2000/XP and later, as well as Linux and BSD.

Using WinSetupFromUSB is easy. Open the software, and select your USB disk from the dropdown menu.
Next, check the button next to your preferred operating systems.
Then you'll need to browse to the volume containing the operating system you wish to install on your multiboot USB. When you're ready, click the Go button.
If you're interested, check the Show Log option to view detailed information on what's going on.
Finally, when installation is complete, you'll see a Job Done message.
If you want to install a second operating system, run through the process again.

Overall, WinSetupFromUSB is pretty simple to use and features a quick write time. It's also got a QEMU mode, and it's a small, portable app.

Download: WinSetupFromUSB (Free)

2. MultiBootUSB

MultiBootUSB is a pretty popular open-source program for creating a multi-OS bootable USB flash drive. The software is also a portable application, meaning it'll run from your USB drive, and you do not need to install it. This gives you a great deal of flexibility, should you want to change things up but you aren't at your home or office computer.

MultiBoot USB is lightweight and easy to use

Adding multiple bootable OS distros is easy.

Browse under Select image and choose your ISO. Note that while MutiBootUSB runs on Windows and Linux, you can only create Linux Live USB systems.
Once you've clicked chosen your image, select your desired amount of persistence if you want to be able to save files on the partition, and click Install distro.

A great feature of MultiBootUSB is the addition of QEMU virtualization software, which allows you to test both individual Linux ISOs and your USB stick without restarting the computer

For a simple way to put multiple Linux distributions on a USB stick, MultiBootUSB is a great lightweight option.

Download: MultiBootUSB (Free)

3. XBoot

XBoot has a lot more documentation than MultiBootUSB, but both programs don't require a lot of instruction to use. XBoot provides a similar experience and is also portable media making it handy to use on the move.

Installation of XBoot is pretty straightforward.

Double-click the executable file, and it opens in seconds.
From there, it's quite simple to add your ISOs. Just drag and drop them into the main box.
Next, click on the Create USB button. The program will prompt you to select the USB drive you wish to install the ISOs on and select the kind of bootloader you want to use. If your USB stick is formatted to FAT32, XBoot recommends Syslinux. If the USB stick is formatted to NTFS, Grub4DOS is recommended. You could also select Do not install any Bootloader, but since you want the USB stick to be bootable, you'll probably ignore that.
Click OK, and we're on the way!

XBoot also has the same QEMU features, where you can boot a live CD ISO or boot the USB you just made.

Despite being a slightly more substantial program, XBoot works a little faster than MultiBootUSB. Another nice touch is the ability to download ISO files directly via the XBoot downloader.

Download: XBoot (Free)

4. YUMI: Your Universal Multiboot Installer

YUMI is a well-respected tool, which is not as feature-rich as others in this list but a solid choice for creating multiboot USB drives.

YUMI has a slightly different workflow. First, you choose which distro you want from the list before browsing to the ISO on your hard drive or following the provided link to the home page of your chosen distro. Furthermore, there are also two different versions of YUMI:

YUMI Legacy: Works with NTFS or FAT32 format. BIOS USB boot only.
YUMI UEFI: Supports FAT32 only, as well as BIOS and UEFI USB booting via GRUB2 (although this is distro dependent).

So, if you're booting one of the latest versions of Windows, such as Windows 10 or Windows 11, you need to select the YUMI UEFI version (unless you're running your BIOS in CMS Legacy mode). YUMI's UEFI version is a relatively new tool at the time of writing but is a handy upgrade with support for modern operating systems. The images below are taken from YUUMI UEFI.

Select your distro, in this case, Lubuntu, and locate the ISO on your hard drive. Alternatively, you can select the Download Link option, which will take you to the download page for the selected distro or operating system.
When you are ready, click Create. It'll take a few minutes. Then you can repeat the process to add additional OS images to your drive.

YUMI doesn't have the QEMU tools of MultiBootUSB or XBoot. But, what it does have, is the support of countless network administrators and tech workers who use it in their daily work lives!

Download: YUMI (Free)

One USB for All Your Operating Systems

To use the Multiboot or DualbootUSB drives you create, it's worth knowing how to change the boot order on your PC so you can choose which one to boot from each time.

Remember, you cannot switch between operating systems once you boot into the OS. You have to choose the operating system you want use during the boot process, restarting your computer to switch between each different operating system as you want to use them. Of course, if you want to use a